高中英语语法教案
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。
注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。例如:
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
12.1 let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。例如:
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,
stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
例如:After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in),
get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
13. 句子的种类
(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)
2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?
b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions):
Where do you live? 你住那儿?
c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?
3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如:
Don't be nervous! 别紧张!
4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。
3)复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如:
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
1) 主 + 动(SV)例如:I work. 我工作。
2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。
3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:She studies English. 她学英语。
4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
1)祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如:
Take this seat. 坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构:例如:
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2)第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句:
a. Let's 包括说话者。例如:
Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次,如何?
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如:
Let us have another try,will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次,好吗?
否定结构:例如:
Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如:How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱!
What +名词+陈述语序。例如:What noise they are making! 他们真吵!
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:What wonderful ideas (we have)! 我们的主意真棒!
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:What cold weather it is! 多冷的天!
What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为:What a clever boy!
典型例题
1)___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)。
2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类:
1:What + n.+主谓部分
2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如:
It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信,我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1)It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who))+ 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用that。再如:原句:My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
13.4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do (did,does) 强调谓语。例如:
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5 反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如:
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我跟你姐一样高,对吗?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。例如:
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话,行吗?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。例如:Some plants never blown (开花), do they ? 有些植物从不开花,对吗?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? 他应该知道该做什么,对吗?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用
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