2008新东方唐静翻译完美版教材
考研英语翻译电子教材
主讲:唐静
第一课时(FY01-1~4)
开场白
三个论断:
1、考研英语是中国组织的最难一级的英语考试
2、考研翻译是考研英语中最难的一部分
翻译满分10分,平均3.5分
3、非英语专业,未接受翻译训练
中国目前翻译现状
课程安排:
系统的翻译知识
解决考研翻译的所有问题
讲解考研真题(1994-2003)
本次课讲解四个方面的问题,包括三大核心概念
一、考研翻译中英汉语语言特点
考生试卷中常见两种问题:
1、空白
2、不是人话
什么是翻译
翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译实践
英汉语两种语言之间的转换
考研翻译是把试卷上的英语弄成汉语
1、英汉语两种语言的四大特点
1)形合与义合
突破口
2)繁复与简短
(62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
化繁复为简短:长句拆译
3)被动与主动
化被动为主动:少用‘被’字
4)抽象与具体
化抽象为具体:根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来解释具体
第二课时(FY02-1~4)
evolution 进化
in evolution 在进化过程中
find v. 找到,发现
finding n. 发现
report their finding 汇报他们的发现成果
tension 紧张
ease the tension in the Middle East 缓解中东的紧张局势
must 必须
The Great Wall is a must for tourists. 对游客来说长城是一个必须到的地方。
二、考研翻译的题型、题型特点、考试内容和评分标准
1、题型
大:主观题
小:阅读题
2、题型特点
1)体裁
以议论文为主
2)题材
具有偏文趋势
3)改写文章,划线句是长难句和复杂句(平均35个单词)
3、考试内容=考点
1)考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释
(1)专有名词
人名、地名、国家名称、术语
Big Bang大爆炸理论
anthropoloist人类学家
inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论
(2)词组
depend on依赖、依靠、取决于
apply to
subject to
(3)多义词:
school 学派
life 生命、生活
熟词生义
set (成套)设备;集、集合
offend 冒犯;排污超标;污染超标
生词
2)考察一般性翻译技巧,包括词义选择、词序调整、词性转换和增词法
(1)词义选择
a、分析词根、词缀
multimedia 多媒体
determinism 决定论
b、分析上下文来翻译
c、根据汉语习惯搭配来翻译
d、寻找汉语同义词来翻译
However ,the world is so made that elegant(完善的) systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects(问题)
aspect 方面/问题
do…with aspect 解决/处理问题
elegant 幽雅的/完善的
elegant system 完善的系统
(2)词序调整
Mummy ,I want an apple.(不需进行调整)
I have the habit of getting up at 6 o’clock in the morning.
(3)词性转换
I will kill you with a small knife. with:介词翻译为动词,表“用”
emphasis 强调; analysis 分析 名词转动词用
(4)增词法
3)考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法,包括定语和定语从句、状语和状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并列结构、倒装结构、插入结构、强调结构、被动结构、否定结构、形式主语和there be句型
第三课时(FY03-1~4)
4、评分标准
评分原则:
分段给分、微观评分、综合扣分
三、考研翻译的常见问题和应对策略
翻译:两种语言之间的转换
笔译(Translation)
口译(Interpretation)
同声传译(Simultaneous Interpretation)
常见问题:
理解不到位、表达不到位
两个关键:
理解的关键在于理解英语的语法结构
表达的关键在于用汉语习惯来调整和翻译
四、考研翻译的标准、步骤和方法
标准
严复:信、达、雅
傅雷:神似
钱钟书:化境
1、准确;
2、通顺;
3、完整
步骤:
1、通读全句、准确理解
2、分析成分、划分意群
3、选择词义、贴切表达
4、适当调整、书写译文
方法:
直译为主、适当意译
61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on.
第一步:通读全句
第二步:分析全句,划分译群
主语:one difficulty 谓语:is that引导的表语从句
从句的主语:almost all of what is called behavioral science(被动) 谓语:continues
第一个to:不定式的符号 第二个to:介词的符号,后接名词4个名词:states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语
第三步:选择词义表达
1、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是 that almost 几乎 all 所有 what is called 被称之为 behavioral science 行为科学 continue 继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 到 states of mind 心理状态 feelings感觉、感情、情感 character 性格 train 特征 human 人类 nature
大自然;本性 and so on 等等
第四步:适当调整、书写译文
2、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是→在于 that almost 几乎 all 所有 what is called 被称之为→所谓的 behavioral science 行为科学……(不通顺)
3、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是→在于 that almost 几乎 all 所有→全部 what is called 被称之为→所谓的 behavioral science 行为科学……(不通顺)
4、 将all放在behavioral science 后:一个 困难 在于所谓的行为科学 几乎 全部 都(加上)continue继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 到……(不对劲)
5、 第二个to 到换为根据:一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都 continue继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 根据……(还不对劲)
6、 第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前:一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据 心理状态 情感 性格特征 人类本性 等等 方面(加上) 继续 追踪 行为(差不多了)
“根据”换为“依靠”,后加“从”; “继续追踪行为”替换为“寻找行为的根源”完成翻译:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都依靠从心理状态、情感、性格特征、人类本性、等等方面寻找行为的根源。
63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago ,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
一、通读:为and划分的并列结构
二、
1、第一句主语:The role of natural selection in evolution 谓语was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago:时间状语
翻译第一句主语:natural自然 selection选择 in 在 evolution进化 过程中(加上) The role的作用
翻译状语:only a little more than a hundred years ago 仅仅在100多年前
翻译谓语:formulate(没背过……)
formulate v. formla 公式、方程式、等式
molecular formula 分子式 hedge fund 对冲基金 NASDAQ纳斯达克
formulate:(用公式、方程式……)阐明,为常考单词
第一句话翻译:自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才阐明。
2、第二句主语:the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual
翻译第二句environment 环境 shaping 塑造 and和 maintaining保持 behavior of the individual 个体行为的选择 is only beginning to 才刚刚开始 be recognized and studied认识和研究
完全翻译:自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才(得以)阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为的选择作用(则)刚刚开始(加以)认识和研究。
同传翻译:
1、翻译思维训练
2、跟读训练 1)跟读汉语 2)跟读英语
第四课时(FY04-1~4)
3、影子训练(shadow training)
考点:
1、定语从句的翻译
1)绝对重点
2)绝对考点
3)绝对绝对
翻译方法:
1)前置:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面
2)后置:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词后面
1)前置:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面
例1:P10 (61)Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modity the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other ;life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
furthermore 而且,进一步说
furthermore /therefore /hence /thus因此、从而(为常考词)
humans 人类have 有ability 能力
modity:(人类)改造(环境),根据上下文判断
in which引导定语从句,they live前置
上半句:而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境;
subject sth. to sth.
subject n. 科目、课程、主题、对象(为常考词) v.使遭受、使经历、使……服从于……
the subject of experiment 实验的对象
life form 生命形式、生活方式(根据上下文)
代词所指,首先指待明确,常常往前看,遵循就近和一致原则来确定
万不得已,仍用代词翻译或者可以用“这种情况”、”“这种说法”、“这种观点”等来翻译
完全翻译:而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境,从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
例2:P5 71)But even more important ,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past ,for① what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago .
①for 表并列,所连接的主语:what they were seeing;谓语为were,系动词;表语:the patterns and structures
that existed 15 billion years ago,定语从句
①for前的并列结构中,it was…that,为强调结构句
强调结构的翻译方法:还原强调部分后,直接翻译
强调部分the farthest 最远的,放到后面
前半句:但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象
pattern:模式/形状 structure:结构
翻译:但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前就存在的形状和结构。
(后面一堆废话)
例3:P2 72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount ,reliability ,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
主语:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance 谓语:depends upon 、and on depends upon所带的宾语:the amount ,reliability ,and appropriateness
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance
predictions:预测 validate 证实 performance 表演/表现
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,
depends upon the amount ,reliability ,and appropriateness of the information used:
of the information:information修饰the amount ,reliability ,and appropriateness,先翻译information 信息;以及used 所采用的
depends upon 取决于 amount 数量 reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 适合性/适宜性
取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,
and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted
and on所带的宾语:the skill and wisdom
the skill 技能 wisdom 才智
定语从句with which it is interpreted:which引导词=先行词,
it指代information
还取决于解释这些信息采用的技能与才智
完全翻译:这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于所采用信息的数量、
可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息采用的技能与才智。
例4 P3 72) This trend began during the Second World War ,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientic establishment cannot generally cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
主句:This trend began during the Second World War 从句由when引导,从句主语:several government 谓语:came to the conclusion 后接that引导的同位语从句
(后面拿老俞开涮,省略1W字)
同位语从句的主语:the specific demands 后接that引导的定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientic establishment 同位语从句的谓语:cannot generally cannot generally be foreseen in detail
This trend began during the Second World War
这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,
when several governments came to the conclusion
同位语从句和定语从句的区别
We have to face the face that he is not here .(同)同位语从句是完整句子
We have to face the face that he is looking for.(定)定语从句有时引导词等于先行词,要在句子中充当成分,因此不完整
同位语从句的翻译方法:加冒号(起解释作用)
当时一些国家的得出结论
the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientic establishment cannot generally cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
the specific demands :具体要求 establishment :sth. that has been established 机构 make demand of :对……提出要求
要向科研机构提出的具体要求一般不能详细预见
完全翻译:这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的得出结论:要向科研机构提出的具体要求一般不能详细预见
对前置的小结:
如果定语从句结构简单,信息负载量不大,翻译的时候前置
2)后置:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词后面
例1 P8 73) Pearson has pleced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives
the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place .
Pearson:人名(不是人民!)
人名和地名:
1、遵照习惯;
2、按照音译;
第五课时(FY05-1~4)
pleced together 汇集、收集、整理 work工作/成果 produce生产、创造/编制、编定、制作 unique 独特的 millennium一千年 calendar 日历
that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place :that引导的定语从句,后置。
latest :最新的、最近的(事情发生在过去,发生的时间点最晚,离现在最近)/最晚的、最迟的
完全翻译:皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的技术万年历,它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期。
(FY-05-1后面都在讲故事,pass)
例2 P4 71)Actulally ,it isn’t ,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights ,which is something the world does not have .
actulally 事实上 it isn’t 它不是,it指代“这种情况/说法
Actulally ,it isn’t事实上这种说法是错误的/事实并非如此
assumes 假定、假设、认为
there is an agreed account of human rights
there be 句型,可加上“人们对……有……”
human right agreed一致的
人们对有一致的认识
which is something the world does not have :从句后置,先行词为account 认识(human right不是,因为定语从句的先行词在意思上往往是前面句子的中心词;同时,which is 是单数,而human rights 为复数)
这种共同认识是世界上并不存在的
完全翻译:事实并非如此,因为提出这样的问题是以人们对有一致认识为基础的,而这种共同的认识并不存在。
例2 P8 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots ,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend .
that will disable them when they offend:that引导的定语从句,里面还有个when引导的时间状语从句,结构复杂,后置。
时态的翻译:
在考试中并非考点
增词法:
1、“过去、一直、已经、了”表示和过去相关的时态
2、“正、正在”表示和进行相关的时态
3、“将、将要、就要、将会”表示和将来相关的时态
Pearson has pieced together the work…… 现在完成时,皮尔森已经汇集了……
digital age will have arrived 一般将来完成时,可翻译作“届时”…… 届时数字时代就到来了
A great nation with 1.2 billion people ,a united prosperous China will short her Asian neighbors . 一个拥有12亿人口的伟大的国家/泱泱大国,一个团结一致、繁荣昌盛的中国将屹立于整个亚洲。
there be 句型的翻译
1、把英语的状语翻译为汉语的主语
There is a temple on the hill(状语).山上有座庙
There are two monks in the temple(状语).庙里有两个和尚
There is a cup on the table(状语).桌上有个杯子
2、增加“人们、大家、我们”等泛指的主语
There is no agreement.人们没有达成一致。
3、翻译为汉语的无主句(有、出现、存在)
There will be a warm winter.将出现暖冬
例中为第三种情况,用“出现”
television chat 电视谈话 show 秀(太时髦,不要用)/节目机器人主持 pollution 污染 monitor 监控器
that will disable them when they offend
offend 冒犯/污染超标、违规
由 hosted by robot
disable:使……不能(行驶、运行)
完全翻译:将出现由机器人主持的电视节目以及带有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停驶。
例3 P1 72) “In short”,a leader of the new school contends,”the scientific revolution ,as we call it ,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
a leader of the new school contends:插入语
the improvement and invention and use表语,a series of instruments修饰整个表语
that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.定语从句,谓语为expanded,宾语中心词为reach,of science、in innumerable directions(状语)修饰reach 定语从句的先行词是:the improvement and invention and use
school 学派 leader 领导、领袖
contend 说、指出、认为
一些常考词:contend 说、指出、认为、坚持说 argue 辩论说 claim 宣称 assert 断言 allege 断言 maintain 坚持认为、主张
(后面侃自己的年龄,pass)
第六课时(FY06-1~4)
In short 简言之 scientific revolution科学 as we call it所谓的 was largely 主要是指 instrument 工具 inprovement改进 invention 发明 use 使用
expand 扩大 direction 方面 reach 范围/领域
完全翻译:新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之,我们所谓的科学,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域。”
例4 P10 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned ,orderly ,systematic ,and disapassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
长句翻译:拆分与组合
拆分:(语法)
1、拆出主语、分清从句
2、拆出主干、分清修饰
拆分点:
1、连词(and or but for)
2、引导词(when what because if who which that在引导从句时才拆分)
3、介词(不能单独存在,后面往往接名词作宾语构成介词词组、介词修饰语,拆分后介词前是主干,介词后为修饰语)
4、分词
5、to:介词和不定式的符号
6、标点
注意!单个的单词不能拆分:However ,he and I want to go to……不用拆分
拆分实例:P10 (61)①Furthermore ,humans have the ability ②to modity the environment ③in which they live ,④thus subjecting all other life forms ⑤to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
拆分:
拆分出来的结果重合了考点:①、②0.5分;③、④、⑤各0.5分
拆成长短、难易程度差不多的四节
1、找3个点;
2、拆成2部分
3、拆成3部分
组合:(汉语习惯)
例4 P10 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry #which seeks to study humans and their endeavors# in the same
reasoned ,orderly ,systematic ,and disapassioned manner #that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
第一部分:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry
(常考)intellectual 智力的;知识 enquiry =inquiry 询问、探索、研究 acquire 获得 require 需求,需要
intellectual enquiry:根据上下文判断,范畴比社会科学更大,因此判断是“科学研究”
社会科学是科学研究的一个分支
第二部分:which seeks to study humans and their endeavors
which引导的定语从句,后置,先行词为social science
后置定语从句如果找不到先行词,可用他(们)/她(们)/它(们)/这(些)代指
endeavor 行为、活动;努力
它试图研究人类及其行为
第四部分:that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena
像自然科学家研究自然现象一样
第三部分(后翻译):in the same reasoned ,orderly ,systematic ,and disapassioned manner
manner 方式 in the same manner 用同样的方式
disapassion : passion 激情、热情;passioned 有激情的;disapassion 冷静的
用同样理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式
完全翻译:社会科学是科学研究的一个分支,它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象一样,用同样理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
2)后置:结构复杂、信息负载量大;常常需要重复先行词或可用代词来重复
*考研中,定语从句首先考虑后置
2、短语作定语的翻译
1)分词短语作定语
2)不定式短语作定语
3)介词短语作定语
4)形容词短语作定语
短语做定语往往放到先行词前翻译,但分词短语、不定式短语作定语有时放在后面翻译
例1 P7 75) Additional social stresses may also occur# because of the population or problems# arising mass migration movements#—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .
additional social stresses may also occur
additional 额外的/新的
新的社会压力也可能会产生
because of the population or problems
由于人口爆炸和问题
arising mass migration movements
mass 大量/大众、老百姓 migration=movement :movement←move;migration←migrate:to move from one place to another
大量(人口)流动引起的问题
第七课时(FY07-1~4)
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .
themselves 指代“这种大量人口流动” modern means of transport现代交通工具
如今现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易
完全翻译:由于人口爆炸和大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
例2 P5 73) Astrophysicists working with groundbased dectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures ,and may report their findings soon .
分词短语:working with groundbased dectors at the South Pole and balloonbome instruments
astrophysicist 天体物理学家——physicist:地理学家astro 天体的前缀
cosmos 天体、星系、星云 cosmic cloud 星云、宇宙云
work with 用……工作 groundbased 以地面为基础、陆基 the South Pole 南极 balloon-borne 气球承载、球载——balloon 气球 borne :bear忍受/承载
用在南极的陆基探测器及球载仪器工作的天体物理学家/天体物理学家用在南极的陆基探测器及球载仪器工作
分词短语或不定式短语作定语,往往放在中心词前面翻译,但有时也放在中心词后面翻译成动词短语(分词、不定式是动词的分词、不定式)
Humans have ability to modify the environment .句中modify the environment(改造环境)修饰ability,因此可翻译作:人类有改造环境的能力/有能力改造环境。
谓语:and连接起来的2个谓语:are closing in on such structures ,and may report their findings soon .
谓语动词:closing in on (根据上下文,天体物理学家……这些结构)研究、观察、观测
structure 结构
天体物理学家天体物理学家用在南极的陆基探测器及球载仪器工作,正在越来越近地观测这些结构,也许不久就会报告他们的发现成果。
close in on包围、围绕、逼近、研究
过去分词短语作定语:例3 P10 63) The emphasis on data gathered
first-hand ,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present , makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science .
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand
主语:The emphasis on data gathered first-hand :过去分词短语作定语修饰data,在data前翻译
强调收集第一手资料
combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present
combined with 加上 cross-cultural跨文化 perspective 观点、看法(需要记住!);视角 brought to 被带到……中;被采用
加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用的跨文化视角
谓语:makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science
使得这一研究成为一门独特并且很重要的社会科学
完全翻译:强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用的跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且很重要的社会科学
例4 P10 ) Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief ,art ,morals ,law ,custom ,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society .”
defined as 把……定义为 complex复杂的 whole整体 moral道德 custom习俗、风俗
which从句后置
泰勒把文化定义为一个复合体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。
分词短语和不定式短语作定语时,常常翻译到中心词前面,但少数情况下,可以放在中心词后面,直接翻译为动词短语。
介词和形容词短语作定语时,总是翻译在中心词前。
例5 P1 74) Galileo’s greatest glory was# that in 1609 he was the first person# to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens# to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth .
to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 不定式短语作定语修饰person
to prove作状语
伽利略最伟大的成就在于1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人,以证明行星是围绕太阳旋转,而不是围绕地球(旋转)。
例6 P8 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality
chips ,computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools ,relaxation will be in front of small-television ,and digital age will have arrived .
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips
equipped with personality chips分词短语作定语搬到中心词前
儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍
computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools
in-built 内置的
带有内置个性的计算机将会被视为工作伙伴而不是工具
relaxation will be in front of small-television ,and digital age will have arrived
relaxation :n. 放松、休闲,加“人们”翻译作动词 small-television 气味电视
(人们)将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字时代就将要到来了
完全翻译:儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍,带有内置个性的计算机将会被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字时代就将要到来了。
例7 P7 71) Under modern conditions ,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts .
this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts
主语为this ,谓语动词为requires ,带了2个宾语:varying measures以及hence连接的help
varying measures、help后有of介词短语作定语修饰,先翻译定语
常考单词as:1、表举例,像……,同like ;
2、用作固定的状语;
3、补充说明
(后面还要讲)
在现代条件下,这需要控制的不同措施,从而还需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等
领域专家的协助。
例8 P6 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculair to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .
There is no agreement 为主干结构,后面有个whether……or(是什么……还是什么……),因此将主干放在最后翻译
methodology 方: ology为“学科”的后缀,method 方法
research ……to 指 concept 概念 peculair to sth .形容词短语作定语,peculair:……所特有的
technique 技术、技巧,方法,研究方法
完全翻译:方是指一般历史研究中所特有的概念,还是指历史研究不同分支所适用的研究方法,人们还没有达成共识。
3、多重并列定语的翻译
1)A of B of C结构:先翻译C,再翻译B,再翻译A
2)定语B+[A](中心词)+of C(介词短语)+in D(介词短语或分词短语);先翻译D,再翻译C,再翻译B,再翻译A
常考单词as:1、表举例,像……,同like ;
2、用作固定的状语;
3、补充说明
(未完,待续)
例1 P5 74) If the small hot sports look as expected ,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea ,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory .
as expected :as用作固定状语;如人们所料;= as we expected/ as there were expected
as is mentioned above 如上所述
第八课时(FY08-1~4)
常用疾病方面单词SARS 非典 Bird Flu 禽流感(Avian Flu) Mad Cow Disease 疯牛病 Foot and Mouth 口蹄疫 Anthrax 炭疽菌
例8 P6 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculair to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .
完全翻译:如果这些小热点看上去如人们所料,那将是又一场科学理论的胜利,即更加完善的大爆炸理论,称之为宇宙膨胀理论。
常考单词as:1、表举例,像……,同like ;
2、用作固定的状语;
3、补充说明,作为……
例2 P4 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract ,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements .
一些哲学家辩论说,权利仅仅存在于社会契约中,作为责任和权利相互交换的一部分。
4、比较结构的翻译
1)as… as 和……一样
2)not so …as / not so much…as 与其说……不如说
3)rather than
4)less and more
5)some …others
1)as… as
例1 P6 71) Which there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant ecents of the past .
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的定义,然而现代实践最为接近符合其中一个定义,这个定义把历史看作是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件。
2)not so …as / not so much…as
例2 P1 71) Science moves forward ,they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools .
they say :插入语,放在最前面翻译 Science moves forward :主语
throught 因为、由于(常考;与后文中的because一致 genius 天才
so much……as 与其说……不如说
汉语习惯前因后果,在翻译中要先说结果(先说主句再说原因从句)的时候,在主句上加“之所以”
他们说,科学之所以向前发展与其说是因为天才伟人的洞察力,还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。
3)rather than ……,而不是……;与其说……不如说……(翻译的时候要把后面的部分先翻译)
I would rather die than surrender.我宁可死而不是投降 /我与其说投降不如说去死 /我宁死不降
例3 P4 75) When that happens ,it is not a mistake ;it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action ,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at .
mankind 人类 instinct 本能 moral 道德 reasoning 推理 in action 在行动/在起作用
当这种情况发生,这并没有错;这是人类道德推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应该受到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑。
4)less and more
例4 P6 72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves .
external 外部/internal 内部 validity 有效性
discipline 学科 cross / inter disciplinary 跨/交叉学科 sociology 社会学 psychology 心理学 anthropology 人类学 psychiatry 精神病
学 lingustics 语言学 aesthetics 美学 fine art 美术
人们之所以对历史研究方法产生兴趣与其说是因为外部对历史研究作为一门知识学科的有效性的质疑,还不如说是因为历史学家们内部的争论。
5)some …others 一些……另外一些……
例5 P3 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating .
一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果;另外一些原因则是科学在某种程度上自我加速的特定发展的合理结果。
(04前面3分钟都在忽悠小平同志,可从3:10听起)
练习 P11 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought ,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be .
assume 认为
希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有一些联系,这种观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根。
5、被动结构的翻译原则:少用被字
1)作主宾颠倒
2)直接转化为主动
3)省略“被”
4)有时还是可以用“被”字来翻译
例1 P4 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset ; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans ,or with no consideration at all .
被动句:animals should be treated
look on 旁观——onlooker 旁观者 pass by 路过——bypasser 过路人 set out 出发——outset 开始
invite 使 consideration 关心 extend to 对待
这种说法把讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物;要么像人类对待自己一样关心,要么一点也不关心。
第九课时(FY09-1~4)
例2 P1 75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of
which is seen as the driving force .
主语:whether……or…… 谓语动词:depends on 宾语:issue
被动句:which is seen as the driving force,which引导的宾语从句;which 是疑问代词
P10 61)Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies .
in which they live ,in which可还原到they live 后面,因此是定语从句,例2中的句子不具备此特征,因此不是定语从句
financing 财政投入、财政经费、经费投入 at the expense of 以牺牲……为代价 vice versa 相反;反之亦然(拉丁短语,后面要讲)
完全翻译:是应该以牺牲技术作为代价来增加对纯科学的经费投入,还是相反,取决于人们把哪一个看作是驱动力量。
常考拉丁短语: etc. 等等 ectal 以及其他(读作and others)
vice versa 相反;反之亦然;常接and、or ;or vice versa 或者相反
例3 P3 74)However ,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects .
elegant systems 完美系统 deal with 解决、处理 in principle 一般而言 fascinating 吸引人的,迷人的 delightful 令人欣慰的 aspects 问题
然而,世界就是如此(被构成,省略),完美系统一般是不能解决世界上一些更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问题。
例4 P6 73) During this transfer ,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study .
during this transfer 在这种转化过程中 traditional historical methods 传统的历史研究方法 additional methodologies 新的历史研究方法
were augmented 被动结构 augmented 增加,扩大
(后面不用听,全废话)
design to 旨在
完全翻译:在这种转化过程中,在传统的历史研究方法上增加(省略被)了新的历史研究方法旨在解释在历史研究中的新的证据形式。
例5 P7 73) Owing to the remarkable development in
mass-cimmunications ,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas ,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above .
being exposed to 接受 be forced to 不得不 introduce 引入,采取 innovation 革新举措 for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
由于(在,省略)大众通讯(中,省略)的显著发展,各地人们正感受到新的需求,并且正(被,省略)接受到新的习俗和观点,然而由于上述原因,不得不采取更为进一步的措施。
例6 P7 74) In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization –with all the far –reaching changes in social patterns that followed –was spread over nearly a century ,whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so .
that following 随之而来 far –reaching 影响深远的,意义重大的
完全翻译:在早期的欧洲工业化国家,其工业化进程以及随之而来的社会结构的深刻变革持续了大约一个世纪,然而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就能经历同样的过程。
例7 P1 73) Over the years ,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science .
多年来,工具和技术本身被作为一种基本革新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和哲学家所忽视。
例8 P9 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because
the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find .
partly because 部分原因是 item 依据
行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是解释性的依据通常是直接观察所得,部分原因是其他种类的解释一直难以发现。
总结:被动结构常翻译作主动句,可以作主宾颠倒,省略“被”字,或者直接转化,但有时仍然可以用“被”、“受到”、“得到”、“加以”、“得以”、“为……所”、“由……来”、“是……的”等结构字翻译。
6、形式主语的翻译
形式主语通常当作固定短语翻译到整个句子最前面。
it is reported that 据报道
it is important that 重要的是
例1 P7 72) Furthermore ,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and
industry ,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds .
strength 实力 be bound up with 与……相关 in turn 反过来 rest upon 取决
于
然而,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业效率息息相关,这反过来取决于各种科技人员的努力。
7、插入结构的翻译
往往可以直接翻译,但有时还需要放到整个句子最前面去翻译
例1 P10 65) Thus ,the anthropological concept of “culture ,”like the concept of “set” in mathermatics ,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding .
immense amounts of 大量;a certain amount of 一定量的某些 concrete 具体的
因此,人类学中文化的概念就像数学中集合的概念一样,是一个抽象的概念,它使得大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。
例2 P5 72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang ,first put forward in the 1920s ,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos .
bring about 带来 respect 尊敬 be required for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事所必须的
巨大宇宙云的存在,实际上是二十世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸理论保持其对宇宙解释的主导地位所必须的。
第十课时(FY10-1~4)
主谓结构的插入结构放到句首翻译
例3 P1 71) Science moves forward ,they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools .
they say被放到了最前面翻译
例4 P1 72) “In short”,a leader of the new school contends,”the scientific revolution ,as we call it ,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
a leader of the new school contends被翻译到了最前面
例5 P8 74) But that ,Pearson points out ,is only the start of man-machine integration :”It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will untimately lead to a fully electronlc human before the end of the next century .”
man-machine integration 人机一体化
皮尔森指出,但这仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它将是人机一体化漫长过程的开始,它最终将在下个世纪末之前导致完全电子人的产生。”
8、状语和状语从句的翻译(三大考点之一)
状语从句的翻译非常灵活,可前、可中、可后。
例1 P8 75)And home appllances will also become so smart that controlling and operation them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage .
so……that结果状语从句,可翻译作如此……以致于
home appllances 家用电器 smart 聪明/智能化 result in 导
致 psychological disorder 心理混乱、心理失调、心理疾病 kitchen rage 厨房狂躁症
家用电器将变得如此智能化,以致于控制和操作它们将导致一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
例2 P9 65) Until these issues are resolved ,a teachnology of behavior will continue to be rejected ,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem .
until these issues are resolved:until 引导的时间状语从句
如何理解句子的成分
1、分析词性
2、作基础语法判断
如:副词——状语
形容词——表语,定语
动词——谓语
名词——主语、宾语、表语
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem补充完整:
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected,
until 如果……不……
完全翻译:如果这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的方法将继续受到排斥,随之可能的是解决问题的唯一方法也将继续受到排斥。
例3 P2 71) The target is wrong ,for in attacking the tests ,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users .
lies with 存在于 ill-informed 一知半解 incompetent 不能胜任的,不合格的
目标是错误的
因为在抨击这些测试的时候
批评家没有注意到错误
完全翻译:把测试作为抨击的目标是错误的,因为在抨击这些测试的时候,批评家没有注意到错误存在于那些一知半解或者是的使用者上面。
例4 P2 74) In general ,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined .
两个when引起的时间状语从句,并列结构
从新排序:when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined the tests work most effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined .
qualities 特征、品质/社会地位高的
如:the qualities to be a teacher 做一个老师应该具有的品质
a lady of quality 贵妇人
完全翻译:一般来说,当所要测试的特征能最精确定义时,测试效果最好;当所要测
试或预测的东西不能精确定义时,测试效果最差。
小结:英语中状语和状语从句常常可以直接翻译,但是通常需要把时间、条件、让步、目的和原因状语翻译在主句之前,状语的最恰当位置应该是在汉语中主语之后动词之前,时间在前,地点在后。(未完待序)
He studies very hard(方式状语) in the classroom(地点状语) at 6 o’clock every morning(时间状语) .
P11 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought ,which(主语) took root in Europe(地点) long before(时间) people realized how diverse languages could be .
小结:英语中状语和状语从句常常可以直接翻译,但是通常需要把时间、条件、让步、目的和原因状语翻译在主句之前,状语的最恰当位置应该是在汉语中主语之后动词之前,时间在前,地点在后。如果分词短语作状语在英语句子最前面的时候,常常需要增加逻辑主语再翻译。(over)
P10 61) Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modity the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other ;life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
subjecting sb. to sth. 从而使……服从于……
Being interested in the foreign affairs from his childhood ,Lizhaoxing is now an
expert in this field .
李肇星从他的儿童时代就对外交事务感兴趣,他现在是这个领域的专家。
(10-3后10:35起忽悠李肇星,pass)
P4 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect ,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice .
extremists of this kind 这种极端主义者
这种极端主义者认为人与动物在每一个相关方面都不相同,他们认为动物不具有道德选择性。
9、倒装结构的翻译
倒装结构常常还原倒装部分后直接翻译
例1 P5 75) Odd though it sounds(倒装) ,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physucs ,and many astrophysicists have been conviced for the better part of a decade that it is true .
还原顺序:Though it sounds odd .
plausible 似乎合理的 elementary-particle physucs 基本粒子物理学
虽然宇宙膨胀理论听起来很奇特,但它是在基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上似乎合理的结果,许多天体学家七、八年来一直相信它是正确的。
例2 P2 75) For example ,they do not compensate for gross social
inequality ,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances .
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公平现象 tell 说明 had he grown up还原语序:if he had grown up underprivileged 贫困的、贫穷的,是委婉语(如die =pass away)
完全翻译:例如,这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现象,因此也不能说明如果一个贫困的年轻人在更加有利的环境下成长,他将会多么有能力。
例3 P11 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which ,in its strongest form ,states that language imprisons the mind ,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society .
沃尔夫开始相信一种语言决定论,这种语言决定论以其强烈的形式认为语言禁锢思维,并且还认为在一种语言中的语法结构能够对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
第十一课时(FY11-1~4)
10、并列结构的翻译
例1 P9 Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty ) They are possessions of the autonomous (self-governing ) man of traditional theory ,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements .
第一处并列结构:they are ……and they are 第二处并列结构:a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements
they 代指前文中的Freedom and dignity:dignity 尊严
需要看上下文的情况:1、代词(尤其是划线句子主语是代词)
2、划线句子中出现了生词
autonomous man 自由人,自主人 possession 财产/拥有 be held responsible for 对……负责 be given credit for 因……获得信任,因……而获得赞扬或褒扬
完全翻译:自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论上自主人所拥有的,它们是实践中所必不可少的,在实践中一个人应该对其行为负责并且因其成就而获得信任。
例2 P3 73) This seems mostlu effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future .
immediate goals 当前目标
通过支持与当前目标无关但是在将来可能产生结果的某些研究,这个问题似乎能够有效解决。
例3 P6 Also common in the natural sciences ,the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical
implementation .75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticsm of sources ,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques .
it 指代前文中的fallacy 谬论、谬误
常考单词:fallacy谬论、谬误,paradox自相矛盾、悖论,axiomatic不言自明,毋需证明
apply to 存在于
这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家上,前者把历史看作仅仅是外部和内部对资料来源的评论,后者把他们的研究活动和具体方法等同起来。
例4 P3 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past ,giving rise to new standards of elegance .
give rise to 产生、引起
在将来像过去一样新的思维方式和新的思维对象必然会出现,产生一个新的完美的标准。
例5 P2 73) Whether to use tests ,other kinds of information ,or both in a particular situation depends ,therefore ,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability .
第一处并列结构:whether……or 第二处并列结构upon……and upon
comparative validity 相对效度
因此,在特殊情况下,是采用测试、采用其他种类的信息还是两者都用,取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据,还取决于像成本和可获取性之类的因素。
英语中的并列结构是指两个或两个以上的并列成分有明显的连词标记或标点符号连接。翻译的时候,常常重复其并列部分
A,B . and C
A,B and C
如果并列结构后面有东西修饰的时候,常常修饰整个结构。
11、否定结构的翻译
三种否定结构:
1、部分否定及在否定句中出现both ,all ,every ,each等词,翻译为“并非所有”。
2、形式否定内容肯定
(1)nothing but 绝对是
He is nothing but a scholar .他绝对是一个学者。
(2)can not … too … 越……越好
You can not be too careful when you are doing translation .当你在做翻译的时候,你必须越小心越好。
3、形式肯定内容否定
(1)anything but 绝不
He is anything but a scholar .他绝不是学者。
(2)fail ,neglect ,refuse ,…from 没有、不……
He failed to meets his girl friend .他没有碰到他女朋友。
如何练习:
1、练习的时间和数量:每天20分钟做好一个句子
2、题的来源
(1)基础段:阅读真题
做题步骤:1)3~5分钟模拟练习;
2)8~10分钟仔细弄动句子
3)3~5分钟对照标准答案
(2)强化段:90~06年的翻译真题
(3)冲刺段:翻译真题中未划线的句子
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容
Copyright © 2019- fupindai.com 版权所有 赣ICP备2024042792号-2
违法及侵权请联系:TEL:199 1889 7713 E-MAIL:2724546146@qq.com
本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务