被动语态-教案

被 动 语 态（教 案） 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者。当人们不知道或不必说出动作的执行者，或是动作的承受者成为人们关注的中心时，才用被动语态。

被动语态是由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成。

be 根据时态可有（现在时am is are, 过去时 was been have been , 过去完成时 had been ）等变化形式。

1. 主动语态向被动语态的转换的三种结构：

1） 主+动+宾

We teach English in this school.

English is taught in this school.

2) 主+动+宾+宾补

I painted the room white.

The room was painted white.

The teacher asked the students to sing a song.

were, 现在完成时 has

The students were asked to sing a song.

3) 主+动+间宾+直宾

Father will give her an expensive present.

She will be given an expensive present (by her father).

An expensive present will be given (to) her (by her father).

2. 主动语态转换为被动语态的时态变化：

1） people grow rice in the south.

Rice is grown in the south.

2) The workers built the bridge in 1990.

The bridge was built in 1990.

He hurt his leg in an accident.

His leg was hurt in an accident.

3) We have taken the patient to hospital.

The patient has been to hospital.

4) We will look after the children well.

The children will be well looked after.

5) The bicycle-repairman is repairing the bicycle.

The bicycle is being repaired.

3．含有情态动词的被动语态句子：

1)We must operate this machine with care

This machine must be operated with care.

2)We should do the work at once.

The work should be done at once.

4．含有be going to, be to 的被动语态句子：

1)We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting

2)We are to hold the meeting on the 10th of August.

The meeting is to be held on the 10th of August.

5．带有宾语从句的句子变为被动语态：

1)People said that he had written many books.

It was said that he had written many books.

2) people think that he is a good student.

It is thought that he is a good student.

He is thought to be a good student.

6．by短语的取舍：

The film is liked by everybody.

This decision will be made by the manager.

Cars are driven by engines.

定语从句（教案）

英语中定语的位置和特点：

This is a good magazine.（词作定语）

This is a magazine about natural science.（短语作定语）

This is the magazine which I bought yesterday.（句子作定语）

定义：在句子中起定语的作用，修饰名词、代词或句子的从句，叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词。定语从句通常跟在先行词的后面，由关系词引出，关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词：

Do you know the man who wrote the article?

The girl who is standing at the gate is my sister.

He is the man whom I am looking for.

Is this man whom I saw a moment ago your uncle?

The film which we saw last night was wonderful?

A dictionary is a book which can tell the meaning of each word.

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?

Is there anyone whose name is Wang Lin?

关系代词的省略：（宾语）

Have you found the book (which) you lost yesterday?

关系代词作介词宾语：

The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.

Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago?

先行词是不定代词、形容词最高级、序数词时：

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

The most important thing that we should pay attention to is the first thing that I have said.

关系副词：

I’ll never forget the day when I joined the party.

Summer is the season when many people often go swimming.

This is the house where we lived for ten years .

The factory where he works is in the south of the city.

Tell me the reason why you are late.

The reason why he missed the bus was that he got up late.

非限制性定语从句：

July is the month when we have a lot of rain.

The meeting will be put off till next month,when will have made all the preparations.

He missed the train, which annoyed him very much.

The sun warms the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.

关系代词和关系副词的选择：

This is the place where I spend my childhood.

This is the place which I visited last year.

I’ll never forget the days when we lived together.

I’ll never forget the days which we spent together.

动词的时态（教案） 一． 一般现在时

用动词原形，第三人称单数动词加s

1． 表示现在的状况：

He is a good student.

We are hungry.

2． 表示习惯性动作：（频度副词always usually often seldom never every day）

I get up at six every morning.

3． 用于时间和条件状语从句中：

If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.

二．一般过去时

动词用过去式，要掌握不规则动词的三种变化形式

1． 表示过去某时间的动作和状态：

I went to town yesterday.

I got up at six yesterday morning.

三．一般将来时

动词前加will或 shall

1． 表示将要发生的动作和情况。共有下列几种表现形式：

1) 常用的形式(will ,shall)

He will come to see me.

Next month, my sister will be twenty .

i. 表示已计划好、最近打算要做的事(be going to , be to)

We are going to have a party next week

ii. 有时也可以用于天气情况

It is going to rain.

四． 现在进行时

助动词be加动词的现在分词

1． 表示说话时正在发生的动作

The wind is rising.

2． 表示现阶段正在进行的动作

I am now studying Chinese in Nanjing University.

3． 有时表示将来发生的动作(come go leave arrive stay)

He is coming here next week.

五． 现在完成时

助动词have 或has加动词的过去分词

1． 到说话时为止已经完成的动作(一般没有时间状语，如有只会是already recently just ever before)

I have seen the film.

yet

I have finished the work.

2． 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作(for since)

He has taught in this school for ten years.

He has taught in this school since he graduated from college.

3． 现在完成时应注意的问题：

1） 有瞬间动词的句子不能用现在完成时

His father died ten years ago.

It is ten years since his father died.

He has been in the U.S for more than a year.

He has been a party member for ten years.

2） 有when和where引起的疑问句中，不能用现在完成时（Where have you been?除外）

When did you see him?

Where did you buy the book?

现在完成进行时

助动词have been或 has been加动词的现在分词

表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在，可能还会进行下去

They have been talking over the problem since this morning.

I have been waiting for her for an hour.

2． 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别

It has rained for a week.（已经结束）

It has been raining for a week.（仍在继续）

六． 过去完成时

助动词had加动词的过去分词

表示在过去某一时刻已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”

He said that he had finished his work.

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

七． 过去进行时

助动词was 或were加动词的现在分词

表示在过去某具体时间正在进行的动作

What were you doing at eight last night?

I was reading the newspaper when he came in.

八． 过去将来时

助动词would加动词的原形

表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作

He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.

非谓语动词（教案） 在英语中，不是用作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其他语法功能的的动词，称之为非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。

一． 非谓语动词与谓语动词之区别：

1． 相同之处：

1） 可以有宾语：

He bought a house.

He was considering buying a house.

He wanted to buy a house.

2)可以被状语修饰：

He always gets up very early.

He is used to getting up early.

3)可以有“体”式和语态的变化：

She has finished her job.

Having finished her work,she went home.

She is treated fairly.

She insisted on being treated fairly.

4)可以有自己的逻辑主语：

My wife often works late.

I dislike my wife’s working late.

It was a hot day.

It being a hot day, we stayed home.

2． 不同之处：

1） 可以起名词作用（如：不定式和动名词），在句中作主、宾、表语。

Your duty is to look after the children.

Complaining is no use.

2） 可以起形容词作用（如：不定式和分词），在句中作表语、定语和宾语补足语等。

The vase is broken.

He is the a nice person to work with.

We found the story amusing.

3） 可以起副词作用（如：不定式和分词），在句中作状语。

They are working hard to win still greater victory.

The sick man came in, supported by two nurses.

二． 不定式：

1． 作主语（常置于句末，而用代替其做形式主语）

To learn a foreign language is not easy.

It is not easy (for me ) to learn a foreign language.

2． 作表语

My job is to look after the babies.

What I would like you to do is to keep silent about it.

3． 作宾语

He offered to go with us.

I want to see him.

He considered it his duty to support his family.

作宾语补语（在see, hear, observe, watch, feel, notice等感官动词以及let, make,have等动词后面，作宾补的不定式 to均省去）

They asked him to sing a pop song at the concert.

They heard him sing a pop song in the meeting room.

He was heard to sing a pop song in the meeting room.

4． 作定语

Do you have anything to eat in your bag?

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

5． 作状语

In order to save the the child, he dived into the river.

We are overjoyed to see you.

6． 不定式的逻辑主语：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

7． 连接词+不定式

He will tell me how to use the dictionary.

Where to get the book is what I want to know.

He didn’t tell us where to go and when to set out.

8． 不定式的否定形式

They decided not to give up trying.

9． 不定式的时态

We are happy to be with you on this trip.

She is sure to succeed in the election.

I’m sorry to be troubling you at such a time.

I’m glad to be working with you.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before.

10． 不定式的语态

This book is said to have been translated into many languages.

It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

三． 动名词：

1． 作主语

Saying so much is useless/no good/(of)no use

It is useless/no good/(of)no use saying so much.

Reading French is easier than speaking it.

2． 作表语

My hobby is collecting stamps.

My great pleasure is learning English.

3． 作宾语

（下列动词只能接动名词avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, mind, keep, practise, miss，regret, insist on, give up, put off, object to）

He enjoys listening to classical music.

We must avoid making such mistakes again.

I wouldn’t mind waiting for another ten minutes.

（有些动词后面可接动名词，也可接不定式：begin, start, continue, like, hate, prefer但动名词表示的意义是在一般情况下的行为，而不定式则表示某个具体的、一次性的行为。）

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

4． 介词宾语

Are you used to eating American food?

She went to school without having breakfast.

5． 动名词的逻辑主语

Do you mind (my) opening the window.

Tom insisted on my brother’s going with him.

动名词和不定式作宾语，意义不同的几组词：

stop to do sth （停下一件事去做另一件事）

stop doing sth （停止做某事）

Remember to do sth.（记住要做某事）

Remember doing sth（记得曾做过某事）

Forget to to do sth（忘记要做某事）

Forget doing sth （忘记曾做过某事）

Regret to do sth（因要做某事而感到不安）

Regret doing sth（因做了某事而感到后悔）

Go on to do sth （接着做另一件事）

Go on doing sth （继续做某事）

Try to do sth（尽力做某事）

Try doing sth（尝试做某事）

Need to do sth（需要做某事）

Need doing （需要被做）

Want to do sth（想做某事）

Want doing （需要被做）

Used to do sth （过去常常做某事）

Be used doing sth（习惯做某事）

6． 动名词的体式和语态

He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.

His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.

Jane like being read to when she is ill.

He did it without being asked.

四． 分词

分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示的意义是主动的、进行的；过去分词表示的意义是被动的、完成的。

The developing countries

The developed countries

1． 作表语：

The story is very interesting.

I am interested in English.

The film is moving.

We were moved by the film.

2． 作定语：

It is an interesting book.

We must learn from the working people.

The boy singing on the stage is my brother.

This is a book written by a famous scientist.

3． 作宾语补足语：

(see, hear, feel, notice, watch, 分词说明动作正在发生；不定式说明动作发生的全过程。)

I saw him going into the room.

I saw him go into the room.

4． 作状语：

1) 作时间或原因状语：

working in the open air,he often sings songs.

Having finished his work, he went to bed.

Knowing that it was going to rain, he decided not to go out.

2) 作伴随状语：

They stood there waiting for the bus.

He lay in bed reading a novel.

名词性从句 （教案） 在句子中起名词作用的各种从句，通称为名词性从句。根据它们在句子中所起的作用，可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

关于what 所引导的名词从句

what 引导名词性从句时，可表示两种意义：一是疑问意义，即“什么”；二是表示“…的东西”、“…事情”，相当于the thing which.

Do you know what that is ?

This is what he has asked for.

主语从句

主语从句可以直接放在主语的位置上；也可以用it 作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。That 引导的主语从句用it 作形式主语的尤为多见。

1) That light travels in straight lines is known to all.

It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.

2) When the plane is to take off has not been announced.

It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.

用it 作形式主语从句结构

it 引导的主语从句已经形成下面的四种固定用法：

1） It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that …

2） It is ＋形容词＋从句

It is necessary that. …

3） It is ＋过去分词＋从句

It is said …

4） It ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that …

注意：不要将强调句里的强调词it 和形式主语it 混淆起来。

强调句是it is (was)＋强调部分＋ that (who)… 。

John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.

It was John that (who) bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.

（强调主语）

It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday.

（强调宾语）

It was for his son that John bought a toy plane yesterday.

（强调目的状语）

It was yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son.

（强调时间状语）

宾语从句

1． 作动词的宾语：

Everybody knows that matter takes up space.

2． 作介词宾语：

This depends on how hard you work.

3． 作形容词宾语：

They are confident that they can do it well.

4． 要注意的问题：

1）引导词that的省略：

I think (that ) you are right.

2）形式宾语it：

He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.

3）否定意义的转移：

think, believe, suppose, expect,

I don’t think he has time to play chess with you.

I don’t suppose it is the rush hour yet.

4) 插入语疑问句：

I think that John will arrive at five o’clock.

When do you think John will arrive?

They said that they had cleaned the classroom.

What did they say they had done?

表语从句

1． 和be, seem, remain, look联系动词连用的表语从句：

My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately.

It looks that it is going to rain.

2． Where, why, how 等引导的表语从句：

That is why we called off the meeting.

This is how we did it.

注：主语是reason的表语从句that 要用引导，不要误用because:

The reason (why) he was late was that he missed the bus.(不能用because)

同位语从句

同位语从句用于表示名词的内容，对其加以解释。常见的词有：fact, idea, news, conclusion.

The doctor came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancer.

The discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton.

注：同位语从句和定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对前面名词的补充说明；定语从句则是对前面名词的修饰和限定。

The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong. （同位语从句）

The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong. （定语从句）

虚拟语气（教案） 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊的形式。它表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而仅仅是一个假设或主观愿望。

If I were not busy, I should go with you.

I wish I could work twenty-four hours a day.

He suggests that we should all go to see the film.

一． 在虚拟条件句中：

1.表示与现在事实相反的假设：

If you knew everything, you would not be angry with him.

If he were still staying here, he might see this.

2.表示与过去事实相反的假设：

If I had known his number, I would have telephoned him yesterday.

If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam.

If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.

If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.

3.表示与将来不大可能实现的假设：

If the sun stopped shining someday, living things couldn’If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

4.在wish 从句中：

I wish I were as young as you.

The boy wishes he had wings.

We wish you had come to our new year’s party.

5.在if only 感叹句中：

If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

If only I were a teacher.

t live.

If only I knew how to do it.

If only they hadn’t made such a mistake.

6.在Without but for If it (be)not for 引起的含蓄条件句中：

Without the communist party, there would be no new China.

She would have failed without your advice.

But for the safety-belt, I wouldn’t be alive today.

If it had not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much in our work.

7.在as if as though 从句中：

You talk as if you had really been there.

My mother looked after the orphan as if he were her own child.

8.在it’s time 的结构之后：

It is high time that we began to work.

It is time that children went to school.

9.在’d rather的结构之后：

I’d rather you lived far away from us.

She ‘d rather not have gone to that party.

10.在省略if的句中：

Were I go to the moon someday, I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes.

Had you not help me , I should have failed.

二． 虚拟语气的其它用法：

1.宾语从句中：

He insisted that John (should) do the job.

We suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed.

2.表语从句中：

Their demand is that their wages (should) be increased by 20%.

3.主语从句中：

It is necessary that you (should) be present at the discussion.

It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent here by plane.

4.同位语从句中：

The suggestion that he (should) be invited was rejected.

主谓一致（教案） 1． 谓语动词要与主语人称和数一致

I am a student.

She is a nurse.

They are workers.

He gets up at six every morning.

My sister has worked in this hospital for five years.

They have not come.

2． 用and 连接两个或两个以上单数名词做主语时，谓语动词用复数：

Wang Gang and Liu Tao were here a moment ago.

如果两个名词指一个人或物时，谓语用单数：

The worker and writer has written a new novel.

3． 主语后跟有 with , as well as构成的短语时，其谓语动词只需和前面的主语保持一致：

The teacher as well as the students was present at the meeting.

4． 用 either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词与后一个主语一致：

Neither he nor I have done it.

Either you or I am going to pick her up.

Not only the students but also the teacher was present at the sports meet.

5．There be结构中如有两个或两个以上主语，谓语动词应和第一个主语保持一致：

There is a cap, a pen and some books on the desk.

There were two doctors and a nurse in the office.

5． 集合名词作主语时：

group, class, family, audience, crew, committee作主语时，如视其为整体，则用单数；若视为成员，则为复数

My family is large.

The family are having breakfast.

People, militia, police, cattle 作主语时，用复数：

The police are looking for the thief.

The cattle were gazing at the foot of the hill.

8．有些名词news, maths, physics,politics 虽有s,但意义是单数：

The news is wonderful.

Physics is an interesting subject.

9．不定代词作主语，谓语动词为单数：

Is anybody at home?

Everybody is here.

Everything is ready.

10．数词作主语时，单数、复数均可：

Three and four is (are) seven.

11．重量、里程、金钱、时间的名词复数作主语，，用单数：

Four pounds is enough.