2012级英语语言学概论(II)---Chapter-6-期末&考研复习题

2012级英语语言学概论(II)---Chapter-6-期末&考研复习题

12级语言学概论(II) Chapter 6 --- 2014-2015学年下学期期末考试&考研复习题 I. Briefly explain the following terms. (20%) 1. language acquisition 2. cognition 3. psycholinguistics 4. the Innateness Hypothesis 5. cognitive linguistics

6. construal and construal operations 7. categorization 8. metaphor 9. metonymy

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one proper word.

1. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, the sentence He is a machine includes a ___________.

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III. There are four choices following each statement. Make the choice that can best complete the statement. (10%)

1. How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing?

A) Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis. B)

Bottom-up

processing

utilizes

all

information one has in speech perception. C) Top-down processing uses one’s existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal. D) Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up comprehension.

2. ______________ is defines as conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. A) Competence

processing in speech

B) Performance

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C) Learning D) Acquisition

3. During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parent’s language. A) Holophrastic stage B) Two word stage C) Three word stage D) Fluent grammatical

conversation stage

4. _________ is the study of psychological aspect of language. A) C)

psycholinguistics

5. __________ does not belong to Construal Operations. A) C)

Language B)

linguistics

applied

acquisition

D) pragmatics

Attention Metaphor

/ B) / D)

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Judgment Perspective

/ /

Salience Comparison

Metonymy Situatedness

6. Which of the following include a metonymy? A) By this hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down. B) The kettle boils. C) He has a heart of stone. D) They have a fleet of fifty sails.

4. ________ is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. A) Psycholinguistics B) Sociolinguistics C) linguistics

Historical D)

linguistics

General

7. Which of the following is foregrounded? A) The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.

B) The speech was made 29 October 1941 to the boys at Churchill’s old public school.

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C) Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. D) Tom didn’t leave for Beijing yesterday. 8. Which of the following include a metonymy? A) By this hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.

B) Lands belong to the crown. C) He has a heart of stone. D) They have a fleet of fifty sails.

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. (10%)

1. Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar.

2. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. 3. Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.

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4. Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances. 5. Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.

6. Cognitive linguistics is today represented by three main approaches: the experiential view, the prominence view and the attentional view of language.

V. Short answer questions.

1. What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?

2. What is blending theory?

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VI. Short essay writing

1. Describe the three categories of conceptual metaphors.

2. Describe the factors influencing sentence comprehension.

Keys:

I. Briefly explain the following terms. (20%) 1. Language acquisition refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations. The Learning of a native or first language refers to first language acquisition (FLA), and the learning of a second or foreign language is called second language acquisition (SLA). (Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first

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language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-word utterances, and, fluent grammatical conversation stage.) 2. Cognition --- Page 115

 Mental processes, information processing  Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 3.

Psycholinguistics

is

the

study

of

psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend

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intelligible sentences. Psycholinguistics

investigate the relationship between language and thought. It is also concerned with how language are learned, and the role they play in our thinking. --- Page117

4. The Innateness Hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.

5. Cognitive linguistics --- an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.

6. Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways through

……Construal

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operations are

conceptualizing processes used in …… --- Page 130

7. Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on

commonalities

and

differences.

Categorization is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the superordinate level, and the subordinate level.

8. Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.

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9. Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. (10%) 1. metaphor

III. There are four choices following each statement. Make the choice that can best complete the statement. (10%) 1---5 BCAAC

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1---5 TTFFT

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. T

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V. Short answer questions.

1. Mark Johnson defines an image schema as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Image

schematic

structures are

have

two

characteristics:

they

pre-conceptual

schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction. It exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image, and it can be subdivided into the following items: a center-periphery schema, a containment schema, a cycle schema, a force schema, a link schema, apart-whole schema, a path schema, a scale schema and a vertical schema.

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2. Blending Theory is also known as the integration theory,

proposed

by Gilles

Fauconnier (福科尼尔) & Mark Turner (1994, 1995). It is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces”(心理空间) are integrated via projection into a new, blended space ”(合成空间) which has its unique structure.

Blending operates on two input mental spaces (输入空间) to produce a third space, the blend. The blend inherits partial structure from the input spaces and has emergent structure （层创结构） of its own. There are some conditions needed when two input spaces I1 and I2 are blended: cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way to thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because the mapping operation involves integrated frames

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rather than isolated predicates, the choice of ne particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.

VI Short essay writing

1. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (--- Page 136-137)

2. Structural factors in comprehension:…… Lexical factors in comprehension:…… (Page 125-126)

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