研究生英语unit 3

Unit3

Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?

1. dilemma(title): a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad

Examples:

This placed Robert Kennedy in a dilemma.

Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family commitments.

2. double-edged sword (Para. 1): something that has as many bad results as good ones; something with one negative and one positive effect

Examples:

Being famous is often a double-edged sword.

The competition rules must be regarded as a double-edged sword by businesses.

Throughout our history, judicial review has been a double-edged sword.

3. an array of (Para. 2): a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive

Examples:

There was a glittering array of film stars at the festival.

There was a vast array of colors to choose from.

They sat before an array of microphones and cameras.

4. outstrip (Para. 2): be greater in quantity than something else; exceed or surpass

Examples:

The demand for food outstripped the supply.

Even the most primitive computer can outstrip the human brain in certain types of calculation.

Girls are now outstripping boys in all school subjects.

5. blur (Para. 2): make the difference between two ideas, subjects, etc. less clear

Examples:

His novels tend to blur the distinctions between reality and fantasy.

The difference between male and female roles within the house has become blurred.

The show blurs the difference between education and entertainment.

6. limbo (Para. 3): a state of uncertainty about a situation that you can't control and in which there's no advancement and improvement

Examples:

His life seemed stuck in limbo; he could not go forward and he could not go back.

I'm in limbo now until I know whether I've got the job.

Until we've got official permission to go ahead with the plans, we're in limbo.

7. unconscious (Para. 3): unable to see, move, feel, etc. in the normal way

Examples:

Kevin was knocked unconscious by the impact.

Billy was unconscious for two days after the accident.

The unconscious man was carefully lifted onto a stretcher (担架).

8. cease (Para. 3): stop doing something or stop happening

Examples:

He ceased to be a member of the association.

The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me.

The rain ceased and the sky cleared.

9. in the wake of (Para. 4): (of something, especially something happening afterwards and usually as a result of it

Examples:

Famine followed in the wake of the drought.

They submitted their resignations in the rake of a scandal.

10. paramount (Para. 4): more important than anything else

Examples:

bad)

During a war, the interests of the state are paramount and those of the individual come last.

Women's role as mothers is of paramount importance to society.

11. ethics (Para. 5): moral rules or principles of behavior for deciding what is right and wrong

Examples:

This insight into the ethics of international trade comes from the Geneva-based World Economic Forum, a research organization.

Furthermore, he admitted to having given the ethics panel untrue information when it investigated those projects.

12. welfare (Para. 5): the good health, happiness, prosperity, etc. of a person or group

Examples:

Our only concern is the children’ welfare.

I give you this advice for your own welfare.

We are very concerned about the welfare of U. S. citizens abroad.

13. ethical (Para. 6): of or relating to principles of what is right and wrong; morally good or correct

Examples:

The president must have the highest ethical standards.

This type of advertisement may be legal, but is it ethical?

The use of animals in scientific tests raises some difficult ethical questions.

14. pose (Para. 7): exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty, etc.

Examples:

Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.

The events pose a challenge to the church's leadership.

Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.

15. pull back (Para. 8): decide not to do or become involved in something; get out of a bad situation or dangerous place, or make someone else do this

Examples:

In the end, he pulled back from financing the film.

Many banks are pulling back from international markets.

16. sustain (Para. 8): make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time

Examples:

She found it difficult to sustain the children's interest. He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.

More public works construction could help sustain job growth.

17. take over (Para. 9): gain or acquire control of; do sth. instead of or obtain sth. from someone else

Examples:

You've let this job take you over completely.

This firm has taken over three companies this year.

18. statute (Para. 9): a law passed by a parliament, council, etc. and formally written down

Examples:

Protection for the consumer is laid down by statute.

In New Mexico, a state statute permits one minute of silent prayer at the beginning of school.

19. prolong (Para. 10): deliberately make something last longer; extend

Examples:

The drug can help prolong life.

They prolonged the visit by a few days.

I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.

20. survey (Para. 10): a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or behavior

Examples:

We conducted a public opinion survey in the area.

The survey showed that 75% approved of the new law.

A recent survey found that 36% of the women asked did not feel safe walking alone at night.

21. thorny (Para. 11): causing difficulty; complicated and difficult

Examples:

He may touch on several thorny border issues, such as immigration, sewage management, and economic development.

The three still have to sort out the thorny question of who will run the center and where it will be.

The ongoing success of his department validated his approach to the thorny problem of appraising individual effectiveness,

22. afflict (Para. 11 ): affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer

Examples:

A nightmare afflicted me from time to time.

Unemployment afflicts 1.2 million workers in the country.

Kidney stones afflict mostly men between 20 and 55.

23. clot (Para. 11): a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries

Examples:

He developed a blood clot on his brain and died.

Neurosurgeons (神经外科医生) have successfully removed a blood clot from her brain and are keeping a close watch on her.

24. agony (Para. 11): a very severe pain; a very sad, difficult, or unpleasant experience

Examples:

It was agony not knowing if she would live.

In the book she describes the agony of watching her child die.

The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.

25. prognosis (Para. 12): a doctor's opinion of how an illness or disease will develop

Examples:

Doctors say his prognosis is good, and they expect a full recovery.

Her prognosis, by any reasonable medical standards, was very poor.

His prognosis for one-year survival is five percent.

26. guise (Para. 12): the way someone or something appears to be, which hides the truth or is only temporary

Examples:

They operated a drug-smuggling business under the guise of an employment agency.

It's the same ideas in a different guise.

The story appears in different guises in different cultures.

Some rumors, he says, have survived for centuries, merely by mutating and reappearing in a different guise.

27. euthanasia (Para. 12): the deliberate killing of a person who is very ill and going to die, in order to stop them suffering

Examples:

They argued in favor of legalizing voluntary euthanasia.

Most doctors are opposed to euthanasia on ethical grounds.

28. probation (Para. 13): a system that allows some criminals not to go to prison or to leave prison, if they behave well and see a probation officer regularly, for a particular period of time

Examples:

The judge sentenced Jennings to three years' probation.

He pleaded guilty and was placed on probation.

He faces up to a year in jail and five years' probation.

29. span (Para. 14): the length of time over which someone's life, ability to pay attention to sth., etc. continues

Examples:

Most 2-year-olds have a very short attention span.

Captivity vastly reduces the life span of whales.

It'll be difficult to hire that many new staff in such a short time span.

30. viable (Para. 14): able to continue to exist as or develop into a living being;

able to succeed in operation

Examples:

The human fetus (胎儿) usually becomes viable by the end of die seventh month.

They are in favor of the program, but they want strong assurances that it is viable.

If there was any delay then the rescue plan would cease to be viable.

31. salvage (Para. 14): save something from an accident or bad situation in which other things have already been damaged, destroyed, or lost

Examples:

Divers hope to salvage some of the ship's cargo.

They managed to salvage only a few of their belongings from the fire.

He fought to salvage the company's reputation,

32. deformity (Para. 14): a condition in which part of someone's body is not the normal shape

Examples:

Drugs taken during pregnancy may cause physical deformity in babies.

The girl looked out the window and saw three women with strange deformities.

33. congenital (Para. 14): existing since or before birth; inherent

Examples:

The child's brain disorder was congenital.

The city seems to have a congenital inferiority complex.

Instead, she became a congenital role model.

34. defect (Para. 14): a fault or a lack of something that means that something or someone is not perfect

Examples:

A defect in the braking system caused several accidents before the car was recalled (召回).

Investigators found a defect in the design of the ship.

35. handicap (Para. 15): mental and physical disability

Examples:

Babies of alcoholic mothers can be born with a severe degree of handicap.

Miss Geller's handicap is barely noticeable after three years of physical therapy.

36. retardation (Para. 16): the process of making something happen or develop more slowly than it should; slowness in mental development

Examples:

Many factors can lead to growth retardation in unborn children.

The principles of care for people with mental retardation have undergone radical changes over the past 20 years.

37. lingering (Para. 17): slow to end or disappear; continuing to exist for longer than usual or desirable

Examples:

Any lingering hopes of winning the title soon disappeared.

Mr. Wilkins suffered a lingering death.

Dad suffers from the lingering effects of radiation treatments.

38. plea (Para. 17): a request that is urgent or full of emotion

Examples:

Caldwell made a plea for donations.

The parents made an emotional plea to their child's kidnappers.

39. at all costs (Para. 18): whatever is needed to achieve something; whatever happens

Examples:

We must avoid a scandal at all costs.

You must stop the press from finding out at all costs.

40. go along with (Para. 18): agree with or support sb. or sth.

Examples:

I would be happy to go along with the idea.

Often it was easier to go along with her rather than risk an argument.

41. arsenal (Para. 19): the equipment, methods, etc. that someone can use to help them achieve something

Examples:

He has a whole arsenal of camera.

She used her full arsenal of charm.

42. grapple (Para. 19): fight or struggle with someone, holding them tightly; try hard to deal with or understand something difficult

Examples:

Two men grappled with a guard at the door.

Together, they grapple with concerns that confront us all as citizens.

43. comatose (Para. 20): deeply unconscious; being in a coma

Examples:

He is barely alive; his breathing is very slow and shallow, and he is comatose.

Next morning he was found comatose and taken to hospital.

44. allegedly (Para. 20): used when reporting something that people say is true, although it has not been proved

Examples:

As she had pledged that she was innocent, she offered no account as to why she allegedly hated her husband.

He allegedly refused to treat the boy, insisting that he should be taken to hospital.

45. subsequently (Para. 20): afterwards; later; after an event in the past

Examples:

Subsequently, the company filed for bankruptcy.

The book was published in 19 and subsequently translated into fifteen languages.

The six men were subsequently acquitted of all charges, but only after they had served 17 years in prison.

46. acquit (Para. 20): give a decision in a court of law that someone is not

guilty of a crime

Examples:

The judge directed the jury to acquit Phillips of the murder. His lawyer thought he had a good chance of being acquitted at the trial if no further evidence was found.

47. frontier (Para. 25): the limit of something, especially the limit of what is known about a particular subject or activity; an undeveloped area or field for discovery or research

Examples:

They are pushing back the frontiers of medical knowledge. (= They are increasing the range of medical knowledge.)

The study of the brain is often described as the next intellectual frontier.

Key to Exercises

I Comprehension Check

1.B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D

6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. D

II Vocabulary Study

i 1. outstrip 2. limbo 3. ceased

4. in the wake of 5. paramount 6. ethical

7. prolonged 8. thorny 9. congenital

10. subsequently

ii 1. euthanasia 2. salvaged 3. deformity

4. defects 5. handicaps 6. lingering

7. grapple 8. allegedly 9. acquitted

10. frontiers

III Translation

People who are energetic, happy, and relaxed are less likely to catch a cold than those who are depressed, nervous, or angry. When the brain is \"happy\

sends messages to our organs that help keep the body healthy and sound. Your chance of developing the common cold, pneumonia, or even cancer may very well be decreased by keeping your brain in a healthy state. In addition, happy and relaxed people are prone to better health practices than their negative and stressed counterparts. They are more likely to get plenty of sleep and to engage in regular exercise, and have been shown to have lower levels of certain stress hormones.

Key to Supplementary Reading

A 1.F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F

6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T

B. 1.F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F

6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F

【译文】

医生进退唯谷：维持治疗还是听任死亡

阿比盖尔·特拉福德

1． 在特效药、风险性外科手术、放疗法以及特护病房(1CU)方面的医学进展已为成千上万的人带来新生。然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。

2． 医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力巳超过人体本身的治愈能力。从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微．甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。

3． 不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九(Duk Koo Kim)的境遇。金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人工方法赖以存活。经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。

4 医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。

5． “归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么?”位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益?”

6 医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端——生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。

7． 这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。如今，

全美127家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师，哲学家，精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。

生死抉择

8 在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有大约20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择——是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。

9．现在就连死亡的定义也已经改变。既然人工心肺机能够代替心肺维持人的呼吸和血液循环，死神往往不会随着病患的“最后一丝喘息”或是心脏停止跳动而如期而至。因此，哥伦比亚特区以及美国三十一个州已经通过了脑死亡法，将死亡界定为“大脑停止运转”。

10．十几个州认可病患的“生存意愿”，即病患指示医生，如果病症医治无望则通过静脉注射或其他方式中止其生命。针对加州医生的一项调查表明，20％到30％的医生遵循这样的意愿。与此同时，一项重在为晚期病人提供临终关怀而非救治的安养活动在许多地区颇有发展势头。

11．尽管社会对于生死的理解有所进步，棘手的问题仍然存在。例如：一位87岁的老妪因受帕金森氏病神经系统紊乱病痛的折磨，严重中风，家人发现她已昏迷不醒。他们需作出决定：是将她安置在疗养院直至去世，还是将其送往医疗中心进行诊断、尽力救治。其家人选择了纽约城的一家教学医院。经检查发现，中风是由血管中的凝块引起的，可通过手术进行治疗。．术后，她苏醒过来，却对自己的家人说“你们为什么要将我带回痛苦的

深渊?”她的健康状况每况愈下，两年后便告别人世。

12．另一方面，医生们表明，仅仅根据症状就对疾病结果作出预测往往是不确定的，而病患如果只是年老或是伤残的话，就应该给予挽救生命的治疗。伦理学家也担心，有了对某些病人不予治疗的决定做幌子，死亡可能会变得太容易了，会将整个国家推至接受安乐死的境地。

13．对于某些人而言，看见别人依赖高科技术维持生命是极端痛苦的。今年早些时候，一位来自德州波提特从事乳品加工的退休工人伍德罗·威尔逊·科勒姆因对其兄长吉姆实施了安乐死而被判缓刑。吉姆不幸患有早老性痴呆症，昏聩糊涂的他只能无助地躺在疗养院的床上。在病患安乐死之后，他的遗孀说：“我感谢上帝，吉姆脱离了苦海。想到不得不用这种方式结束他的生命，我就特别难受，可我对此表示理解。”

新生儿治疗危机

14．在生命中的另一端，科技发展变革了新生儿救治技术，我们也不清楚人的生命何时可以在子宫外得以存活。二十五年前，体重不足3.5磅的婴儿几乎难以存活。如今的存活率竟然高达70％，而且医生们还要“抢救”体重仅有1.5磅重的婴儿。在治疗诸如脊柱裂之类的新生儿畸形方面已经取得了重大进展。就在十年前，只有5％患有大动脉转位的新生儿可以存活下来——该病为新生儿最为常见的先天性心脏缺陷。而如今，该病的存活率却高达50％。

15．不过对于那些借助医学新进展而得以存活的婴儿而言，存活是要付出代价的。许多存活者都患有永久性的生理或心理残疾。

16．对于重病新生儿进行治疗还是放弃治疗，这不是一个单纯的问题。”黑斯廷斯中心的托马斯·默里说，“但我坚持认为，智力迟钝或有缺陷不足以成为任由一个婴儿死亡的理据。”

17．然而，对于许多父母而言，养育患病新生儿的经历已成为挥之不去的噩梦。两年前，一位亚特兰大的母亲生下一个身患唐氏综合征的婴儿；这个孩子还患了肠阻塞。医生们拒绝了家长不实施手术的恳求，而如今这个孩子严重智力痴呆，仍然饱受肠病折磨。

18．“每次梅勒妮腹泻的时候，她会嚎响大哭，”其母亲解释说。“她生活不能自理，而我们总不能长生不死照顾她一辈于吧。我想将她从苦痛折磨中解救出来。我不明白为什么要不惜一切代价地强调活命。对医生和医院的做法我真是气坏了：我们觉得，不再维持她的生命对她而言是最好的解脱。那些医生有悖常理。我质问那些出言威胁如果反对其实施手术就会把我们送上法庭的医生：‘我们死后谁来照顾梅勒妮?那时候你们这些医生会在哪里?’”

改变准则

19．现代技术为人们提供了选择，进而从根本上改变了医疗的惯常做法。时至今日，大多数的医生都比较激进，他们训练有素，动用一切医疗器械医治疾病。如今，医生们需要解决的问题不仅仅是谁应该接受治疗，还包括应该何时终止治疗，这引发了不予治疗的趋向。

20．往往来自法律的威胁也是导致这种趋向的原因。八月份，两位加州医生被控谋杀了一名昏迷不醒的病人，据说他们切断了呼吸器，停止了病患的食物水源供应。1981年，一位马萨诸塞州的护士被控为一名癌症病人注射大量吗啡致其死亡，而此后她被宣告无罪。

21．不少医生深感自己身陷诉讼案件、法规和病患权益的交相围困当中。现代技术的确禁锢了他们的决策能力。最近几年，这些诉讼裁决均交由委员会解决。

公众措施

22．最近几年，关于医疗伦理规范的争执已经上升到了国家的层次。“这才让我们幡然醒悟，我们没有取之不尽的资源，”华盛顿医院中心的医生林奇说，“说到伦理道德，就自然要谈到钱。”

23． 自1972年以来，美国肾衰竭患者均可以参与由纳税人所支持的肾透析治疗项目，该项目为所有肾衰竭病患提供了延续生命的疗法。许多分析员认为，该计划已经失控——它亟需14亿美元的资全来支持6万1千名病患。大多数病患都年逾五千，而约莫四分之一的人患有诸如癌症或是心脏病之类的其他疾病，有这种情况的病人在别的国家是不可能做肾透析的。

24．一些医院正在撤销某些挽救生命的治疗项目。比方说，马萨诸塞州总医院已经决定不再实施心脏移植手术，理由是——此类手术所需费用高昂，受助的病患寥寥无几。烧伤诊治病房——尽管成效尤为显著——也只能对极少的病人提供昂贵的治疗。

25．当医学家正在向治疗的尖端领域推进之时，医生和病患等相关人士仍将面临越来越多的道德两难境地，致使继续治疗还是放弃治疗的抉择成为现代医学的一个基本问题。