2022年-考研英语一真题及答案解析

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Even if families don't sit down to eat together as freuently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’ s great traditions:the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 health.

The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.

Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. 12 the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 .

Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living 17 , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 ,but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.

should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure

4

to damage our

1.[A] In 2.[A] match

[B] Towards [B] express

[C] On [C] satisfy

[D]Till [D] influence

- 2 - 3. [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern 4. [A] intensified [B] privileged

[C] compelled

[D] guaranteed

5.[A] issued 6. [A] under 7. [A] forget 8. [A] partially 9.[A] Unless 10.[A] secondary

[B] received [B] at [B] regret [B] regular [B] Since [B] external

[C] compelled [C] for [C] finish [C] easily [C] If [C] conclusive [C] likely

[D] guaranteed [D] by [D] avoid [D] initially [D] While [D] negative [D] slow

11.[A] insufficient [B] bound

12.[A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to 13.[A] interesting 14.[A] As usual 15.[A] resemblance 16.[A] made 17.[A] To be fair 18.[A] reluctantly 19.[A] promise 20.[A] follow up

[B] advisable [B] In particular [B] combination [B] served [B] For instance [B] entirely [B] experience [B] pick up

[C] urgent

[D] fortunate

[C] By definition [D] After all [C] connection [C] saved [C] To be brief [C] gradually [C]campaign [C]open up

[D] pattern [D] used [D] In general [D] carefully [D] competition [D] end up

- 3 - SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the uestions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture〞 award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2022, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2022. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain’s towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.

Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2022. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow----village of culture Suburb of culture Hamlet of culture

It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture〞 washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and reuires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.

- 4 - A “town of culture〞 could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’ s peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.

21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture〞 award could

[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.

[B] promote cooperation-among Britain’s towns.

[C] increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.

[D] focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.

22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as

[A] a sensible compromise.

[B] a self-deceiving attempt.

[C] an eye-catching bonus.

[D] an inaccessible target.

23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it

[A] endeavours to maintain its image.

[B] meets the aspiration of its people.

[C] brings its local arts to prominence.

[D] commits to its long-term growth.

24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present

[A] a contrasting case.

[B] a supporting example.

- 5 - [C] a background story. [D] a related topic.

25. What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal

[A] Skeptical.

[B] Objective.

[C] Favourable.

[D] Critical.

Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acuisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2022 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

The most drastic, an thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2022, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2022. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves

- 6 - legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000, and apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs〞 had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.

In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money〞 partly because

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D] its content acuisition costs nothing.

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B] gone through an existential crisis.

[C] revived the publishing industry.

- 7 - [D] financed researchers generously. 28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub

[A] Relieved.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Concerned.

[D] Encouraged.

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms

[A] allow publishers some room to make money.

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

[D] free universities from financial burdens.

30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model

[A] Trial subscription is offered.

[B] Labour triumphs over status.

[C] Costs are well controlled.

[D] The few feed on the many.

Text 3

Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to euality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.

- 8 - A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity〞 on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.

Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government uotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be reuired to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to reuire gender uotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.

The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important〞 policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “eual protection〞.

But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on

corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what

The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2022 and 2022 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by percent.

Reuiring companies to make gender the primary ualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender uota.

Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of ualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt〞 phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

- 9 - Next time somebody pushes corporate uotas as a way to promote gender euity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will

[A] help little to reduce gender bias.

[B] pose a threat to the state government.

[C] raise women’s position in politics.

[D] greatly broaden career options.

32. Which of the following is true of the California measure

[A] It has irritated private business owners.

[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

[C] It may go against the Constitution.

[D] It will settle the prior controversies.

33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate

[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.

[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.

[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.

[D] the needlessness of government interventions.

34. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender uota has led to

[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role.

[B] the objection to female participation on boards.

- 10 - [C] the entry of unualified candidates into the board. [D] the growing tension between labor and management.

35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text

[A] Women’s need in employment should be considered.

[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

Text 4

Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “ GAFA tax,〞 meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.

The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax

discriminates against American companies, which in tum could lead to trade sanctions against France.

The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.

Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. They have included Britain’s DPT. (diverted profits tax), Australia’s MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and India’s SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European

- 11 - Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.

These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.

In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2022 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise uestions about what the future holds for the international tax system.

France’s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

36. The French Senate has passed a bill to

[A] regulate digital services platforms.

[B] protect French companies’ interests.

[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.

[D] curb the influence of advertising.

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax

[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.

[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.

[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.

- 12 - [D] will prompt the tech giants to uit France. 38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that

[A] redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured.

[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.

[C] tech multinationals’ monopoly should be prevented.

[D] all countries ought to enjoy eual taxing rights.

39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD’s current work

[A] is being resisted by US companies.

[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.

[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.

[D] needs to in involve more countries.

40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text

[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax

[C] France Says “ NO 〞 to Tech Multinationals

[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the uestions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

- 13 - [A] Eye fixations are brief [B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude

[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact

[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated

[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers

[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:

41. 41.

We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile〞 can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.

42.

Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific

- 13 - 43. - 14 - brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,〞 said Minson.

44.

When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.

45.

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.〞 A more direct finding is that people who scored highly for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.

- 15 - Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 13 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.

(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

The Church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17th century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason.

The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method, reductionism and the uestioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge

- 16 - and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the uestion: What is Enlightenment. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

The Students Union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about 100 words.

Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture briefly,

2) interpret the implied meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

- 17 -

- 18 - 2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题解析

Section Ⅰ Use of English

1. 选 C。解析：此题考查固定搭配。当表示在具体的一天时，应用介词 On，所以选 C。

2. 选 A。解析：此题考查语义理解。在寒冷的冬日里，没有什么美食能比得上它。Match

表示“与...匹配，比得上〞，应选 A。

3. 选 C。解析：上句中提到 pleasures，因此，此处应该承接上句的语义，this 后面接

的应该是跟 pleasures 相同的意思，所以选 enjoyment。

4. 选 D。解析：be guaranteed to do，表示必然会。这里 be guaranteed to damage our

health 是 guilty pleasure 的后置定语。

5. 选 A。解析：此题考查语义理解。issued 表示发表，发布。原文提到，食品标准管理

局发布一项公开的警告，语义顺畅。

6. 选 B。解析：此题考查介词搭配。在高温中应该为“at high temperatures〞，所以

选 B。

7. 选 D。解析：此题考查逻辑理解。由上文可知，在高温里炙烤的食物会有化学复合物，

有害健康。所以，下文的意思是，人们应该防止炸土豆，故 avoid 正确。

8. 选 A。解析：此题考查语义理解。前文说人们应该防止吃炸土豆，薄皮披萨或者只是() 烤

面包。Partially 意思是局部地，偶尔地最符合提议，应选 A。

9. 选 D。解析：此处考察逻辑理解。文章说，...研究说明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤，

while 表示“虽然，尽管〞。而 Unless 表示除非;Since 表示因为，If 表示如果均与文义不符。

10. 选 C。解析：由文义可知，研究说明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤，但是没有确凿的

证据说明它会导致人类患癌症。Conclusive 意思为决定性的;确凿的。

11. 选 C。解析：此题考查固定搭配和语义理解。be likely to 意思是可能。科学家说，

这种化合物可能导致癌症，但没有确凿的科学证据。

12. 选 A。解析：此题考查短语搭配。On the basis of 以...为根底，根据，按照之意。

- 19 - 13.选 B。解析：此题考查词义辨析。根据预防性原那么，可以说遵循 FSA 的建议是明智的。 Advisable 意为明智的，可取的。其他选项不符合文义。

14. 选 D。解析：此题考查逻辑关系。原文中上一句说“基于‘预防原那么’，可以认为

最好遵循 FSA 的建议〞。本句说“在有证据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联系之前，吸烟导致癌症的传言就已经流传多年了。After all 毕竟，只有 After all 符合文义。

15. 选 C。解析：结合语境和句子成分理解，这里指证明出吸烟和肺癌有联系，应选择

connection，其他选项与文义不符。

16. 选 B。解析：此题考察主谓搭配。served up 表示“上菜，端上〞，。“毫无疑问，

一片煮熟的牛肉总能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起端上〞，符合文义。其他选项不符。

17. 选 A 。解析：此题考察行文逻辑，上一句说“但是生命值得过下去吗〞本句话说，

“英 FSA 表示，它并没有告诉人们 ... 不吃烘焙食品〞，后文未对上文进行举例(for instance) 或总结(To be brief)或表示经常发生的事情(in general)，而是顺承关系，应选 To be fair。

18. 选 B。解析：本句话句意为 “说句公正话，英 FSA 并没有告诉人们不吃烘焙食品 18 〞。结合文义可知，FSA 并没有让人们完全不吃烘烤食物：只有 entirely 最符合文义。

19. 选 C。解析：此题考察主谓搭配。根据原文语境“然而，他们的活动冒了一种风险〞，

campaign 表示“运动，活动〞，最符文义。

20. 选 D。解析：考察动宾搭配，这里意思是：“持续的健康恐慌 20 却没有人在听。〞

这里想说的是“对健康的恐慌的最终结果〞，只有 end up 有“结束，以 .. 告终〞的意思， 所以选择，其他选项不符合文义。

SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension

Part A Text 1

21. 选 C。解析：21 题考查细节。题干问，Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town

of culture〞 award could，意思是 Cooper 和他的同事们认为“文化之城〞这一奖项可能会怎样。定位到原文第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that ……〞。这句的意思是：库珀和她的同事认为，赫尔市成功摘得“文化之城〞的桂冠，为其带来了 2.2 亿英镑的投资和大量的艺术作品，而此奖的获得不该局限于大城市。诚然，英国的城镇并未被阻止申请“文化之城〞，但城镇普遍缺乏资源来组织竞标，以击败更强大的竞争对手。人们

- 20 - 认为，“文化小镇奖〞可以成为一项年度盛事，这项盛事能吸引资金并创造就业时机。可知 答案是C. 增强英国城镇的经济实力(increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns)。

22. 选 B。解析：该题是推断题, 题干问:“According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might

be regarded by some as〞意思是：根据第二段，这一提案可能会被一些人视为。

原文第二段说“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture〞意思是：一些人可能会把这一提议看作是一种嘘声，因为英国不能再申请“欧洲文化之都〞这个更有声望的头衔了〞 后面提到“A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world〞。意思是：疑心者可能会推测，英国正消失在无尽的自我庆祝的狂热里，因为英国在脱欧后的世界里陷入重塑自己的绝望。这些句子可能推断出，这一提案可能会被一些人视为是“一种自我欺骗的尝试〞 (a self-deceiving attempt)，应选 B。

23. 选 D。解析：该题也是细节题, 题干问:“The author suggests that a title holder

is successful only if it〞。意思是：作者暗示一个头衔的持有者只有在什么情况下才是成功的。定位到原文第三段第三句，“The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.〞真正成功的头衔持有者，是那些在一年里所做的事情远不止填满酒店房间、举办高调艺术活动和吸引媒体关注的人。第四句说，“They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.〞它们改变了那里居民的愿望; 他们将这座城市的自我形象推向了更醒目、更乐观的光明里。换言之，当头衔持有者致力于城市的长期开展中(commits to its long-term growth)，就会是成功的。应选 D。

24. 选 A。解析：24 题是写作结构题。题干问：“Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3

to present〞，意思是，第 3 段提到格拉斯哥是为了表达什么。定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到句首有转折词 but。“It is hard to get right, and reuires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector,

community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today〞“这很难得到正确的解决，而且需要非凡的远见，以及城市当局、私营企业、社区团 体和文化组织之间的合作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥获得“欧洲文化之都〞的一年，可以 被看作是一系列复杂因素之一，这些因素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏剧的强城，并一直持续至今。〞因此是与之前论点相反的，因此是比照案例(a contrasting case)

- 21 - 25.选 D。解析：这题考查作者态度，题目问“What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal〞意思是，作者对于这个提案的态度是什么。文章最后一段说，A “town of culture〞 could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities —helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action. 意思是：“文化之城〞可以不仅仅是艺术，而是尊重一个城镇的独特性——帮助维持它的商业街，支持当地设施，最重要的是颂扬它的人民。文化大臣杰里米•赖特(Jeremy Wright)应该欢送这一积极、充满希望的提议，并将转化为行动。因此作者是积极赞成的态度。应选 D(favourable)。

Text 2

26. 选 D。解析：此题为细节题。题干问：“Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money〞 partly because〞，意思是：科学出版行业被视为一本万利，一局部原因是定位到原文第一段第二句，“Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acuisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.〞 意思是：科学家需要在学术期刊上发表他们的研究，所以他们会无偿提供文章。其他科学家做专业的同行评议工作也是免费的，因为这是获取(学术)地位和科学知识生产的核心元素。这说明，科学家奉献内容是无偿的，换言之，其内容获取是没有代价的(its content acuisition costs nothing)，应选 D。

27. 选 A。解析：此题为细节题。题干问：“According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have...〞意思是：“根据第 2 段和第 3 段，科学期刊出版商 Elsevier...〞

定位到文章第 2 段和第 3 段，“With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. 〞意思是，“由于论文内容是免费获取的，出版商只需为自己的期刊找到市场即可。直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格都不敏感。〞 而第三段说，The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2022 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research.意思是，“荷兰出版巨头 Elsevier 声称发表了全球 25%的科学论文，去年利润超过 9 亿英镑，而仅英国的大学在 2022 年就花费了 2.1 亿英镑，为了研究人员能用公费进行自己的研究。从而看出，科学期刊出版商 Elsevier 的兴盛，主要依赖于大学的图书馆。应选 A，thrived mainly on university libraries。

- 22 - 28.选 D。解析：此题为作者态度题。题干问：“How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub 〞定位到原文第 4 段。“The most drastic, an thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2022, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2022. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.〞意思是“最剧烈的、也是彻底不合法的对抗，是 Sci-Hub 的出现。这是一种全球性的科学论文复印机，成立于 2022 年，声称可以访问自 2022 年以来发表的每一篇付费文章。Sci-Hub 的成功依赖于研究人员将自己合法获取的副本传递出去，这说明合法生态体系在用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行转变，以使其为所有人效劳〞。

29. 选 A。解析：此题为细节题。题干问：“It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and

6 that open access terms〞意思是，“从第 5 和第 6 段可以得知，开源期刊条款...〞 定位到原文第 5 段，In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release. 意思是， 在英国，开源出版是由资助机构推动的。在某些方面，它已经非常成功。当前英国超过一半的科学研究都是在开放获取条款下出版的: 要么从出版之日起就可以免费获得，要么在一年或更长时间内付费，这样出版商在公开发行前就可以获利。定位到原文第 6 段，Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000, and apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs〞 had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. 意思是，“然而，这个新体系还未让大学尝到任何实惠。对于读者要求出版商免费向读者提供产品的需求，出版商做出了回应，即，出版商通过向作者收费来支付准备一篇文章的本钱。 这些费用从 500 英镑到 5000 美元不等，而且很明显，出版商做的越多，作品的价格就越高。去年的一份报告指出，订阅费用和这些“文章准备费用〞一直在以高于通货膨胀的速度稳步上升。〞这说明，开源期刊条款使出版商有 利润空间(allow publishers some room to make money)

30. 选 D。解析：此题为细节题。题干问：“Which of the following characterizes the

scientific publishing model〞意思是，下面哪项描述了科学期刊出版的商业模式定位到原文最后一段，“In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy

- 23 - of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power〞意思是，“在某些方面，科学出版的模式很像社交网络经济: 为了以换取地位，劳动力是免费提供的，而巨额利润那么由几家经营市场的大公司赚取。在这两种情况里，我们均需要重新平衡商业力量〞

Text 3

31. 选 A。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will〞意思是，“作者认为，Lewis 和 Haddad 提出的法案将会 ... 〞。 定位到原文第一段第二句话，“But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.〞意思是，“但是，这些往往是一种虚伪的美德形式——只是让最特权阶层受益的信号，而对普通民众帮助甚微〞。而原文第二段说“A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity〞 on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.〞意思是，马萨诸塞州参议员 Jason Lewis 和众议院临时议长 Patricia Haddad 提出确实保董事会和委员会“性别平等〞的两项法案，就是一个很好的例子。说明这个励志很好地说明了第一段中表达的“对普通民众帮助甚微〞，换言之对减少性别歧视没有帮助(help little to reduce gender bias)，应选 A。

32. 选 C。解析：此题为细节题，考查同意替换。题干问：“Which of the following is

true of the California measure〞意思是，“关于加州的措施，以下哪项是正确的〞根据关键词 California，定位到原文第四段第二句，“In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.〞意思是，在签署这项法案时，加州州长Jerry Brown 成认，这项明确以性别来区分人群的法律可能是违宪的。所以选 C，It may go against the Constitution(这可能违反).

33. 选 D。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“The author mentions the study by Catalyst

to illustrate〞意思是，“作者提到了 Catalyst 的研究来加以说明什么〞。根据关键词Catalyst，定位到原文第 7 段，The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2022 and 2022 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by percent。意思是，“在没有干预的情况下，公司董事会中的女性人数一直在稳步增加。Catalyst 的一项研究显示，2022 年至 2022 年间，全球企业董事会中的女性比例上升了%。〞所以选择 D，干预的不必要(the needlessness of government interventions)

- 24 - 34.选 C。解析：此题为细节题，考查同意替换。题干问：“Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender uota has led to〞意思是，“挪威在全国范围内采用的企业性别配额导致了什么〞根据关键词 Norway，可以定位到文章倒数第三段，Reuiring companies to make gender the primary ualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender uota.意思是，“要求公司将性别作为董事会成员的根本资格，将不可防止地导致私营部门董事会缺乏经验。这正是挪威在全国范围内实施企业性别配额时所发生的事情。〞应选 C，the entry of unualified candidates into the board，不合格的候选人进入董事会。

35. 选 B。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“Which of the following can be inferred

from the text〞意思是，以下哪项可以从文中推断出来。文章说只是让最特权阶层受益的信号，而对普通民众帮助甚微，在中间提到此类可能被判违背，尾段再次提到此类的无效性。因此，选 B，Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking(可行性是制定的首要考虑因素)。

Text 4

36. 选 B。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“The French Senate has passed a bill to〞

意思是，法国参议院通过了一项法案目的是什么。定位到原文第一段第一句，the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France，意思是，法国参议院通过了一项数字效劳税，将对向法国消费者或用户提供数字效劳的大型公司征收一项全新的税收，应选 B，impose a levy on tech multinationals(对科技公司征税)

37. 选 A。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that

the digital services tax〞意思是，从第 2 段可以得知，数字效劳税怎样。定位到文章第二段，But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in tum could lead to trade sanctions against France.意思是，但它已经引发了重大争议，美国贸易代表开始调查这项税收歧视是否针对美国公司， 这最终可能导致对法国的贸易制裁，应选 A ，may trigger countermeasures against France(可能引发针对法国的反制措施)

38. 选 B。解析：此题为细节题，考查同意替换。题干问：“The countries adopting the

unilateral measures share the opinion that〞，意思是，采取单方面措施的国家都认为...。定位到原文第四段最后一句话，“In other words, they all share a view that the

international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.〞意思是，

- 25 - 换句话说，他们都认为国际税收体系未能跟上当前的经济。换言之，当前的国际税收体系需 要升级。应选 B，the current international tax system needs upgrading。

39. 选 C。解析：此题为细节题，题干问：“It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that

the OECD’s current work〞。意思是，“从第 5 段可以了解到，经合组织目前的工作...〞。定位到文章的第五段，最后一句话的后半句，“but France's digital services tax and the American response raise uestions about what the future holds for the international tax system.〞意思是说，但法国的数字效劳税以及美国的回应，让人们对国际税收体系的未来产生了疑问。换言之，经合组织面临着不确定的前景(is faced with uncertain prospects)， 应选 C。

40. 选 B。解析：此题要求拟定标题，题干问：“Which of the following might be the

best title for this text〞意思是，下面哪个可能是这篇文章最好的标题。文章首先讲述法国推出数字效劳税法，之后分析法国只是这个趋势的一局部，最后讲，OECD 正试图推出一个国际税收体系，但前景未明。假设各国对该体系无法达成共识，那么各国都效仿法国出台数字税而美国企业将面临高昂的税费。所以 B 选项，法国率先征收数字税(France leads the charge on Digital Tax)最好地贯穿了文章主题。

Part B

41. 选 C。解析：文章第二段讲了婴儿和母亲的相互凝视，成年之后，以一种愉快的方式

去看别人可能是一种对关注的赞美等，可以看出，眼神交流是一种友好的社交信号(Eye contact can be a friendly social signal)。

42. 选 E。解析：从第三段的 hormone oxytocin，high- functioning，Specific brain

regions 等词可以看出，人们正在研究眼神接触背后的生物因素(Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated)，应选 E。

43. 选 G。解析：第四段说，目光接触可以发出完全不同类型的信号, 虽然在友好的情况

下，眼神交流可能连接或信任的标志;但在敌对的情况下，眼神交流传达出来的更有可能是恐 吓。因此，G 选项，Eye contact can also be aggressive(眼神交流也可能带有挑衅意味) 正确。

44. 选 A。解析：第五段说，当我们看一张脸或一幅画时，我们的眼睛会一次停留在一点

上，通常是在眼睛或嘴巴上。这些停顿通常每秒发生三次，然后眼睛会跳转到另一个点，直到图像中的几个重要点被记录下来，就像一系列快照一样。这说明，目光注视是短暂的(Eye fixactions are brief)

- 26 - 45.选 D。解析：第六段说，在神经质测试中高的人，目光接触会引发 与回避相 关的活动。即，性格会影响一个人对眼神交流的反响(Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact)