美国文学重点 The Romantic Period From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Started with Washington Irving's Washington Irving - one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, “the American Goldsmith” regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.” First novel 纽约外史won him wide popularity →contains German folk tales It is not only well-known for Rip‟s 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature and in the English language as well. Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism（超验主义） movement Nathaniel Hawthorne Interior(内部) of the heart, „there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity‟, so in almost every book, Hawthorne discuss sin and evil. READING: Young Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗 th men as individuals worth his regard, confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful. Walt Whitman Openness, freedom, individualism I - me, my nation (society), Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）, Catalogue (Listing) A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style READING; 1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of Myself Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne Ishmael both as a character and a narrator； the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac(狂热者) whose single purpose is to capture the fierce, cunning(狡猾的) white whale, Moby Dick, which had torn away his leg. The Realistic Period : 1865-1914 Realistic period – “the Gilded(富有的) Age”, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's control 3 dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells(美国现实文学先驱), Mark Twain and Henry James. Henry James –“inner world” of man Howells –focused on rising middle class Mark Twain – his own region and people, particular “local colorism” Local colorists – Sarah Orne Jewett, Joseph Kirkland and Hamlin Garland. Mark Twain - the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular（方言）, simple sentence, wide-ranging humor, both realistically and symbolically, 'the damned human race' “Huck”, a typical American Boy with “a sound heart and a deformed(畸形的) conscience”, and remarkable for the raft‟s journey down the Mississippi river, through the eyes of Huck, we see the pre-Civil War American society. READING; excerpt from Adventures of Huckleberry Finn READING; excerpt from Henry James – the first American writer to conceive his career in international theme - the forerunner of the 20th-century “stream of consciousness” novel and the founder of psychological realism, interior monologue, free association, his language is not so easy to understand 早期 中期 晚期 Emily Dickinson Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys, “letter to the world”, about religious and immortality（永生）, love, nature 1) her poems have no titles 2) dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence（节奏） and capital letters as a means of emphasis. READING; Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse. 我爱看它舔食一哩又一哩 Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism（决定论） (heredity遗传 biological & environment), Darwinist idea（达尔文主义）of „survival of the fittest‟, „the jungle law‟（弱肉强食原则） Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲 - After Carrie deserts Hurstwood, he is in great despair. He turns the gas on in a cheap lodging-house and ends his life, while at the same time Carrie is rocking comfortably in her luxuriant hotel room. The Modern Period The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate(侨民) movement, “the Lost Generation”, a transformation from order to disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis(心理分析) Imagist movement, Jazz Age “the Lost Generation” – Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Robert Frost Two thinkers of this period: German Karl Marx(马克思) and the Austrian Sigmund Freud（弗洛伊德） William James – famous for his theory of “stream of consciousness” E.E.Cummings, always used “i” instead of “I”, protest against self-importance Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement' (意象主义) - 3 main principles: 1)direct treatment of poetic subjects, 2)elimination of ornamental words, 3)rhythmical(韵律) composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome(节拍器). - He translate some ancient Greek and Chinese works READING; 1. In a Station of the Metro 2. The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter 3. A Pact Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene. Frost is liked by the Americans because the subject and the landscape of his poems are forever New England and his simplicity never fails to reveal some profound truth. READING; 1.After Apple-Picking 2.The Road Not Taken 3. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Eugene O'Neill – America‟s greatest playwright, „founder of the American drama‟, won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize. F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, „Dollar Decade‟, 1920s A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsider American Dream He shows a particular interest in the upper-class society, especially young people. Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize ‟Iceberg style‟, „Code hero‟, „grace under pressure‟ 重压下的风度, The use of short, simple and conventional word
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