1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________
A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang
3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is __________.
A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal
7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality
9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics
10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics
11. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 12. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
13. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 14. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.
A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
15. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.
A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering
16. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones 17. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
18. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
19. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
20. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant 21. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words
22. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 23. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 24. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems 25. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation
26. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 27. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 28. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________. A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy 29. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 30. All of them are meaningful except for __________. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph 31. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational
34. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
35. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 36. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 37. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above.
38. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __________. A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome 39. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __________ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
40. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a __________ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex 41. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
42. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖ This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism 43. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 44. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖_______ ―You have a bike.‖ A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes
45. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 46. ―Alive‖ and ―dead‖ are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms D.None of the above
47. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense
48. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 49. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms 50. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features
II.Multiple choice (20%)
1. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant 2. Which vowel is different from the others according to the phonetic features of vowels? A. [a] B. [u] C. [e] D. [i]
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the phoneme /p/. A. analogues B. allomorphs C. morphemes D. allophones 4. The concept of the minimal pair is proposed for identifying __________. A. phonemes B. allophones C. morphemes D. allomorphs 5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. Neither of them 6. [g] is a voiced __________.
A. alveolar stop B. velar stop C. alveolar fricative D. velar fricative
7. ___________ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics
8. If three consonants could cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be __________. A. [s] B. [t] C. [l] D. [p]
9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a(n) _________.
A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form
10. Which one is different from the others according to their places of articulation? A. [n] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p]
11. ―It is wrong to split an infinitive.‖ This is an example of _____ rules. A. prescriptive B. descriptiveC. transformational D. functional
12. The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by _____. A. Leonard Bloomfield B. Ferdinand de Saussure C. Noam Chomsky D. M. A. K. Halliday
13. Which of the following is the correct description of [t]？ A. Voiceless alveolar stop. B. Voiceless alveolar fricative. C. Voiced alveolar stop. D. Voiced alveolar fricative. 14） Which of the following is a voiced labiodental fricative？ A. [s] B. [z] C. [v] D. [f]
15） Which of the following are ―derivational suffixes‖？ A. -s B. -ion C. -ing D. -ify
16） Which of the following are ―content words‖？ A. Nouns. B. Verbs. C. Determiners. D. Prepositions.
17） Which of the following is the correct bracketing of the phrase structure in the sentence ―The boy is crying‖？
A. [[The] [boy] [is] [crying]] B. [[The] [boy]] [[is] [crying]] C. [[The boy] is [crying]] D. [[The] [boy] [is]] [crying]
18） Which of the following sentences contain a participial phrase？ A. The best thing would be to leave early.
B. Having finished their work， they came to our aid. C. It’s great for a man to be free.
D. To my surprise， she started looking for jobs.
19） Which of the following terms are related to Cognitive Linguistics？ A. Word recognition. B. Language acquisition. C. Construal operations. D. Categorization.
20） Which of the following are NOT true of the ―women register‖？ A. Women use more ―fancy‖ color terms. B. Women use stronger swearing words. C. Women use more intensifiers.
D. Women use more direct expressions.
21） Which of the following forms of writing are more likely to use foregrounding？ A. Poetry. B. Diary.
C. Research Papers. D. Novels.
22） Which of the following include a metaphor？ A. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn’s.
B. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight. C. The thought was a fire in him.
D. The world is a looking-glass， and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face. 23） Which of the following are writings of stream of consciousness？ A. Pride and Prejudice B. To the Lighthouse. C. As I Lay Dying. D. Jane Eyre.
24） Which of the following book titles contain ―alliteration‖？ A. Vowels and Consonants. B. Gone with the Wind. C. Sex and the City. D. The Wonder of Words.
25）―_____‖ is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.
A. Input Hypothesis B. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
C. Interlanguage D. Contrastive Analysis
26.. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.
A. prescriptiveB. analytic C. descriptiveD. linguistic
27.. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement C. DualityD. Meaningfulness 28.. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______. A. primaryB. correct C. secondaryD. stable
29. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ______ A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above
30. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.
A. synchronicB. diachronic C. prescriptiveD. comparative
31. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic 32. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.
A. paroleB. performance C. langueD. Language
33. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.
A. senseB. sounds C. objectsD. ideas
34. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,
A. displacementB. duality C. flexibilityD. cultural transmission
35. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.
A. learningB. teaching C. booksD. both A and B
36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voicelessB. voiced C. vowelD. consonantal 37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/
38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identicalB. same C. exactly alikeD. similar
39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distribution C. the allophonesD. minimal pair 40. The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (30%)
1. F Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.
2. F Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.
3. T Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. 4. F Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.
5. F We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.
6. F Only human beings are able to communicate.
7. F F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.
8. F A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
9. F Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. 10. F All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.
11. T Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
12. T The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.
13. T Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. 14.F [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.
15.F Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
16.T All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. 17.T When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
18. T According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.
19. F Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.
20. F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.
21. F Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
22.TThe ―parts of speech‖ in traditional grammar is often referred to as ―word class‖ today. 23 FThe Relevance Theory was suggested by H.P.Grice. 24 TLatin has fewer morphological changes than English. 25 TA closed syllable is one without a coda.
26. F Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. 27. T The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. 28. F In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. 29. F Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. 30. F Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
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